Dennis MacDonald

Dennis Ronald MacDonald is a professor of theology at the Claremont School of Theology in California. MacDonald is known for his controversial theories wherein the Homeric Epics are the foundation of various Christian works including the Gospel of Mark and the Acts of the Apostles. If his theories are correct, and the earliest books of the New Testament were responses to the Homeric Epics, then "nearly everything written on [the] early Christian narrative is flawed."^[1] According to him, modern biblical scholarship has failed to recognize the impact of Homeric Poetry.^[1]

Background

MacDonald earned his undergraduate degree from Bob Jones University, a Master of Divinity from McCormick Theological Seminary, and a Ph.D from Harvard University. He taught Theology and Biblical Studies at the Iliff School of Theology in Denver, Colorado from 1980 to 1998. Since 1998 to present he has been the John Wesley Professor of New Testament at the Claremont School of Theology and Professor of Religion at the Claremont Graduate University. He also is the director of the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity at Claremont.

Christianizing Homer

In one of MacDonald's first books, Christianizing Homer: The Odyssey, Plato, and the Acts of Andrew, he posited the theory that the non-canonical Acts of Andrew was a Christian retelling of Homer's Iliad.^[2] In it he argued that one could detect trends that showed parallels between the Homeric epic and the Acts of Andrew. He argued that the Acts of Andrew is better understood in light of the Odyssey. That the order of events in the Acts follows those found in the Acts of Andrew, that certain events in the Acts are better understood when understood in context of the Homeric epics, and that the Homeric texts commonly were available during the first century AD. In subsequent works, MacDonald expanded his hypothesis to include the Acts of the Apostles and the Gospel of Mark as being Christian variations of the Homeric epics.

In Christianizing Homer, MacDonald lays down his principles of literary mimesis, his methodology for comparing ancient texts. There are six aspects he examines 1) accessibility, 2) analogy, 3) density, 4) order, 5) distinctive traits, and 6) interpretability.^[1] According to his hypothesis, not only was Homer readily available to the authors of the New Testament, but the Homeric epics would have been the basic texts upon which the New Testament authors learned to write Greek. MacDonald also argues that the number of common traits, the order in which they occur, and the distinctiveness thereof between the Homeric Texts and early Christian documents help to show that the New Testament writers were using Homeric models when writing various books.

In his earliest reviews, MacDonald only applied his hypothesis to works such as Tobit and the Acts of Peter. In later works, he posits the Acts of the Apostles, the Gospel of Mark, and Gospel of Luke are the "merging [of] two great cultural classics, in order 'to depict Jesus as more compassionate, powerful, noble, and enured to suffering than Odysseus.'"^[3]

Homeric epics and the Gospel of Mark

MacDonald's seminal work, however, is The Homeric Epics and the Gospel of Mark. According to MacDonald, the Gospel of Mark is "a deliberate and conscious anti-epic, an inversion of the Greek 'Bible' of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, which in a sense updates and Judaizes the outdated heroic values presented by Homer, in the figure of a new hero."^[3]

The book begins by examining the role that the Homeric Epics played in antiquity—namely that anybody who was considered educated at the time learned to read and write, and they did so by studying the Odyssey and Iliad. Students were expected, not only to understand the epics, but be able to rewrite the stories in their own words. Rewriting the Homeric Epics was commonplace and accepted in Biblical times.^[3]

In using the Homeric Epics, the ancient writers were not trying to deceive their readers; in fact MacDonald believes the ancient readers understood the juxtapositions of Jesus with Odysseus. “Mark’s purpose”, he argues, “in creating so many stories about Jesus was to demonstrate how superior [Jesus] was to Greek heroes. Few readers of Mark fail to see how he portrays Jesus as superior to Jewish worthies… He does the same for Greek heroes.”^[1]

Reception

MacDonald's work regarding the New Testament writings and Homeric epics has not attained mainstream support in New Testament studies and is contrary to modern form criticism. New Testament scholar Karl Olav Sandnes, author of the monograph The Challenge of Homer: School, Pagan Poets, and Early Christianity critiqued MacDonald in an article of the Journal for Biblical Literature.^[4] Sandnes notes the vague nature of alleged parallels as the "Achilles' heel" of the "slippery" project. He has also questioned the nature of the alleged paralleled motifs, seeing MacDonald's interpretations of common motives. He states, "His [MacDonald's] reading is fascinating and contributes to a reader-orientated exegesis. But he fails to demonstrate authorial intention while he, in fact, neglects the OT intertextuality that is broadcast in this literature." (732)

Major publications

• Dennis MacDonald, Acts Of Andrew: Early Christian Apocrypha, Polebridge Press, 2005. ISBN 0944344550
• Dennis MacDonald, Christianizing Homer: The Odyssey , Plato, and the Acts of Andrew, Oxford University Press, 1994. ISBN 9780195087222
• Dennis MacDonald (ed), Mimesis and Intertextuality in Antiquity and Christianity, Trinity Press International, 2001. ISBN 1563383357
• Dennis MacDonald, Does the New Testament Imitate Homer? Four Cases from the Acts of the Apostles, 2003. ISBN 9780300097702
• Dennis MacDonald, The Homeric Epics and the Gospel of Mark, Yale University Press, 2000. ISBN 0300080123
• Dennis MacDonald, The Intertextuality of the Epistles Explorations of Theory and Practice, 2006. ISBN 9781905048625
• Dennis MacDonald, The Legend and the Apostle: The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon, Westminster and John Knox Press, 1983. ISBN 0664244645

Further reading

• Karl Olav Sandnes, "Imitatio Homeri? An Appraisal of Dennis R. MacDonald's "Mimesis Criticism"", Journal of Biblical Literature 1124/4 (2005) 715–732.
• Stan Harstine, review of Dennis R. Macdonald, Does the New Testament Imitate Homer?: Four Cases from the Acts of the Apostles, Review of Biblical Literature (2005).[1]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Interview with Dennis R MacDonald About Atheism. About.com. Accessed January 13, 2009
2. ^ Christianizing Homer Accessed January 12, 2009
3. ^ ^{a b c} Richard Carrier Review of ‘’The Homeric Epics and the Gospel of Mark Accessed 1/13/09
4. ^ Karl Olav Sandnes, "Imitatio Homeri? An Appraisal of Dennis R. MacDonald's "Mimesis Criticism"", Journal of Biblical Literature 1124/4 (2005) 715–732.

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