Moussa Dadis Camara

Moussa Dadis Camara
President of Guinea
In office 24 December 2008 – 3 December 2009
Prime Minister	Kabiné Komara
Preceded by	Lansana Conté
Succeeded by	Sékouba Konaté (Acting)
Personal details
Born	1 January 1964 (1964-01-01) (age 47) or 29 December 1968 (1968-12-29) (age 42) Koure, Guinea
Political party	National Council for Democracy and Development
Spouse(s)	Jeanne Saba[1]
Children	4
Alma mater	University of Conakry
Profession	Soldier
Religion	Christianity[2]
Website	Official website

Captain Moussa Dadis Camara (born 1 January 1964 or 29 December 1968)^[3][4] now called Moïse Dadis Camara^[1] is an ex-officer of the Guinean army who served as the President of the Republic of Guinea's National Council for Democracy and Development (Conseil National de la Démocratie et du Développement, CNDD), which seized power in a military coup d'état on 23 December 2008 after the death of long-time President and dictator Lansana Conté. He has been out of office since the assassination attempt on him on 3 December 2009.

Early life

Moussa Dadis Camara was born in 1964 in the remote town of Kouré, Lola Prefecture, in the Guinée Forestière region of southeastern Guinea, near the border with Ivory coast and Liberia. He is a member of the Kpelle ethnic group (known in Guinea as Guerze). Dadis’ ethnic group are primarily found in Guinée Forestière region of Guinea, near Liberia. Dadis attended primary and secondary school in Nzérékoré, about 24 miles (40 km) away from his birth-town of Kouré. He studied law and economics at Abdel Nasser University in the capital, Conakry. He is a Christian convert from Islam^[1][2]. Dadis speaks five languages: French, Kpelle, Susu, Maninka and German.^[2]

He joined the Army of Guinea in 1990 as a corporal and was later appointed as the Chief of Fuels at the Guinean army base in Kindia, about 60 miles northeast of Conakry.^[5] From 2001 to 2002, Dadis was sent to Sierra Leone as a member of the United Nations' peacekeeping troops. In 2004, President Conté sent Dadis, along with several other Guinean soldiers, to Bremen, Germany, for 18 months’ military training. In November 2008, he was named head of the Guinean army's fuel supplies unit, a branch of the Guinean Minister of Defense's cabinet.^[2] He was one of the leading mutineers in the 2008 Guinean military unrest. Prior to the December 2008 coup, he was not well known by the general population.^[6]

Christmas coup

In the early hours of 23 December 2008, Aboubacar Somparé, the President of the National Assembly, announced on television that Conté had died because of illness on 22 December.^[7] According to the constitution, the President of the National Assembly was to assume the Presidency of the Republic in the event of a vacancy, and a new presidential election was to be held within 60 days.^[7]

Six hours after Somparé announced Conté's death, a statement was read on television announcing a military coup d'état.^[8] This statement, read by Captain Camara^[9] on behalf of the CNDD,^[8] said that "the government and the institutions of the Republic have been dissolved". The statement also announced the suspension of the constitution "as well as political and union activity".^[9] According to Camara, the coup was necessary because of Guinea's "deep despair" amidst rampant poverty and corruption, and he said that the existing institutions were "incapable of resolving the crises which have been confronting the country." Furthermore, Camara said that someone from the military would become President, while a civilian would be appointed as Prime Minister at the head of a new government that would be ethnically balanced.^[10] The National Council for Democracy and Development would, according to Camara, include 26 officers as well as six civilians.^[11]

A statement was read over the radio on 24 December 2008, announcing that Captain Camara was the President of the CNDD.^[12] Later in the day, Camara and thousands of soldiers loyal to him paraded through the city, surrounded by large numbers of civilian supporters. According to Camara, he "came to see if the terrain is favorable to us", declaring that the large crowds indicated that the people were indeed supportive of the coup. Also on 24 December, Camara said in a radio broadcast that the CNDD did not want to stay in power indefinitely and that it intended to lead the country for two years, promising "credible and transparent presidential elections by the end of December 2010". This contradicted an earlier statement which promised an election within the constitutionally mandated period of 60 days.^[13]

Speaking on the radio on 25 December, Camara said that he did not plan to run for President at the end of the two year transitional period. He also declared that the CNDD was not susceptible to bribes. According to Camara, people had "start[ed] to show up with bags of money to try to corrupt us. They’ve tried to give money to our wives and cars to our children." He warned that he would "personally go after anyone that tries to corrupt us".^[14]

The Associated Press reported that Camara's tenureship was quickly challenged by soldiers of Sekouba Konate, in one of the capital's barracks. Camara, Konate, and a third unknown officer then drew lots, twice, to determine who would lead, with Camara winning both times.^[15] (note that Konate now runs the country, after a nearly successful assassination attempt on Camara)

On 25 December 2008, the Prime Minister under the previous régime, Ahmed Tidiane Souaré, pledged loyalty to Camara, thus further consolidating the latter's rule.^[14] On 22 March 2009, Souaré was arrested and held in a military prison, along with two Mines Ministers (recalling that Guinea is the world's largest exporter of bauxite, the necessary ore for aluminum).^[16]

28 September Atrocity

Main article: 2009 Guinea protest

On 28 September 2009, opposition party members demonstrated in the Stade du 28 Septembre in Conakry, demanding that Camara step down. Although many branches of security forces were involved, the presidential guard "Red Berets", led by Abubakar "Toumba" Diakite, were responsible for the violence, firing on, knifing, bayonetting, and gang-raping the fleeing civilians, killing at least 157 people(U.N) and injuring at least 1,200 not just in the stadium but as many fled on streets.^[17] In response to criticism from international human rights organisations, the government has said that only 56 people died and most were trampled by fleeing protesters.^[18] Following the event, cell phone photos from anonymous sources circulated on the Internet, showing what appears to be many women being raped by Camara's soldiers.^[19] Few women have spoken up about the attacks against them because of a societal stigma against the victims of sexual assault. However, Doctors Without Borders has confirmed that they have treated several rape and sexual violence victims of the incident. For a people already accustomed to violence, the rapes were nonetheless especially shocking as they took place in the open space, under broad daylight, and were horrifically violent and often mortal.^[20] According to numerous witness accounts, women were horrendously gang-raped using gun barrels and other objects. Some were raped then shot with the rifle barrel in their vaginas.^[21] The International Criminal Court is currently investigating the incident and the African Union has asked for Camara's resignation.^[22]

In response to the incident, the Economic Community of West African States imposed an arms embargo on Guinea.^[23] The African Union, the European Union and the United States punished Moussa Dadis Camara and forty-one other junta members in late October 2009. The African Union imposed a travel ban and froze any bank accounts owned by the forty-two.^[24] The European Union did the same a day earlier.^[24] The United States opted for a travel ban alone.^[25] The African Union's commissioner for peace and security said the sanctions were intended to punish the junta and would not affect areas such as trade which may impact on the lives of ordinary citizens.^[24]

Assassination attempt

On 3 December 2009, Camara was shot by men under the command of his aide-de-camp, Abubakar "Toumba" Diakite. A government spokesman (Idrissa Cherif) said he was only lightly wounded, but anonymous junta officials said Camara was in a serious condition after being shot in the head.^[26] Camara's bodyguard and driver were killed in the attack.^[27]

On 4 December the New York Times's sources suggested that Camara had in fact left the country for medical treatment in Morocco, amidst claims by officials that he was not in serious condition.^[28]

Vice-President (and defense minister) Sékouba Konaté flew back from Lebanon to run the country. Diakite is still in hiding.^[29]

On January 12, 2010 Camara was flown to Burkina Faso.^[30] After meeting in Ouagadougou on January 13 and 14, Camara, Konaté and Blaise Compaoré, President of Burkina Faso, produced a formal statement of twelve principles promising a return of Guinea to civilian rule within six months. It was agreed that the military would not contest the forthcoming elections, and Camara would continue his convalescence outside Guinea.^[31] On 21 January 2010 the military junta appointed Jean-Marie Doré as Prime Minister of a six-month transition government, leading up to elections.^[32]

On December 17, 2009 a United States diplomatic agent sent information that Camara's health was "not expected to return fully to [its] previous state" following the assassination attempt. Possible plans for restoring order were discussed.^[33]

See also

• Politics of Guinea

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Le Populaire, ISSN 0851 2444, N°3232, 31 August 2010, p. 2
2. ^ ^{a b c d} "Qui est Moussa Dadis Camara, le nouveau president de la Guinee?", Guineenews, 26 December 2008 (French).
3. ^ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:281:0007:0011:EN:PDF
4. ^ http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/fin_sanc_notice_guinea_241209.pdf
5. ^ "At Least 8 Die in Clashes in Guinea". New York Times. 11 February 2007. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9500E3D61E3FF932A25751C0A9619C8B63. Retrieved 2009-10-15. 
6. ^ "Guinea coup leader says unions can help choose PM", Associated Press (International Herald Tribune), 27 December 2008.
7. ^ ^{a b} "Guinea's long-time military leader Conte dies", AFP, 23 December 2008.
8. ^ ^{a b} "Military-led group announces coup in Guinea", Associated Press, 23 December 2008.
9. ^ ^{a b} "Death of Guinea dictator prompts 'coup'", AFP (Sydney Morning Herald), 23 December 2008.
10. ^ "Military takes control in Guinea". BBC News. 2008-12-23. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7796902.stm. Retrieved 2008-12-23. 
11. ^ "Coup attempt in Guinea after president dies", AFP, 23 December 2008.
12. ^ "Army captain named head of Guinea junta", AFP, 24 December 2008.
13. ^ "Guinea coup leader parades through capital", Associated Press (International Herald Tribune), 25 December 2008.
14. ^ ^{a b} "Coup leader consolidates position in Guinea", Associated Press (International Herald Tribune), 25 December 2008.
15. ^ "Guinea's new leader a mix of Robin Hood, dictator" Associated Press (Union Tribune ) 21 March 2009
16. ^ "Officials: Guinea's junta detains former premier", Associated Press (Kansas City Star), 23 March 2009
17. ^ "ICC prosecutor to examine Guinea killings". Reuters. 16 October 2009. http://www.reuters.com/article/vcCandidateFeed1/idUSLF20275._CH_.2400. Retrieved 15 October 2009. 
18. ^ Adam Nossiter (6 October 2009). "U.S. Envoy Protests Violence in Guinea". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/07/world/africa/07guinea.html. Retrieved 15 October 2009. 
19. ^ Nossiter, Adam (5 October 2009). "In a Guinea Seized by Violence, Women Are Prey". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/06/world/africa/06guinea.html?ref=world&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 21 October 2009. 
20. ^ http://www.hrw.org/en/node/87186/section/11#_ftnref120
21. ^ http://www.hrw.org/en/node/87186/section/11#_ftnref96
22. ^ "French told to quit unsafe Guinea". BBC News. 16 October 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8310221.stm. Retrieved 15 October 2009. 
23. ^ "France welcomes arms embargo on Guinea". Reuters.
24. ^ ^{a b c} Randy Fabi, Nick Tattersall, Andrew Dobbie (29 October 2009). "African Union imposes sanctions on Guinea junta". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/africaCrisis/idUSLT440627. Retrieved 30 October 2009. 
25. ^ "Sanctions imposed on Guinea junta". BBC. 2009-10-29. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8333026.stm. Retrieved 2009-10-30. 
26. ^ Callimachi, Rukmini (2009-12-04). "Guinea's leader wounded in assassination attempt". Associated Press. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iAVjutFiNxMjNLZd6fFZMANVHAXgD9CCE8700. Retrieved 2009-12-04. 
27. ^ Guinea vice-president returns after assassination bid, BBC
28. ^ Nossiter, Adam (4 December 2009). "After Assassination Attempt, Guinea's Junta Leader Leaves Country for Treatment". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/05/world/africa/05guinea.html?_r=1. Retrieved 5 December 2009. 
29. ^ Guinea's presidential guard explains assassination motive. Xinhua. December 16, 2009.
30. ^ Brahima Ouedraogo, "Guinea leader arrives in Burkina Faso", Associated Press/Yahoo News (Jan 12 2009)
31. ^ "In Full: Declaration Made in Burkina Faso Between Dadis Camara and Sekouba Konate", Newstime Africa (January 16 2010)
32. ^ "Guinea junta officially names Dore prime minister", Reuters, 21 January 2010.
33. ^ http://46.59.1.2.nyud.net/cable/2009/12/09RABAT988.html

External links

• Why Guinea's People Welcomed the Coup
• Who is Moussa Dadis Camara?
• Guinea Prime Minister Surrenders To Junta
• Camara interview with Radio France Internationale after Conakry massacre, English translation
• Guinea's Capital Fades Into a Ghost Town After Soldiers' Rampage
• Toll Rises From Attack on Guinea Protesters
• Guinea Seethes as a Captain Rules at Gunpoint
• U.S Envoy Protests Violence in Guinea.
• In Guinea Seized by Violence, Woman Are Prey.

Political offices
Preceded by Lansana Conté	President of Guinea 2008–2009	Succeeded by Sékouba Konaté Acting

Persondata
Name	Camara, Moussa Dadis
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1964
Place of birth	Koure, Guinea
Date of death
Place of death