Czechoslovakia–Poland relations

Czechoslovakia-Polish relations

Czechoslovakia	Poland

The Republic of Poland and Czechoslovakia established relations early in the interwar period, after both countries gained independence. Those relations were somewhat strained by the Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts over Zaolzie and Cieszyn in the early 1920s and late 1930s (see also Munich Agreement). Both countries joined the Allies during World War II. After the war they both fell into the Soviet sphere of influence (the Eastern Bloc). Poland, together with other Eastern Bloc countries, participated in the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. Relations between the two countries were nonetheless rather amicable, but became somewhat strained in the aftermath of the rise of the Solidarity movement in Poland in 1980 and 1981, improving again afterwards.

History

Interwar

Czechoslovakia gained independence in the aftermath of World War I, as Austria-Hungary fell apart, just as Poland regained independence as the Second Polish Republic after 123 years of partitions. Both emerging countries shared a long border, and soon became enveloped in a border conflict. Although it never developed into an open war, this conflict led to uneasy relations between both states in the interwar period.

The border conflicts were centered on the disputed areas of Cieszyn Silesia, Orava Territory and Spiš. After World War II they broadened to include areas around the cities of Klodzko and Racibórz, which until 1945 had belonged to Germany. The conflict, which flared up in 1919, was only resolved by the Council of the League of Nations on 12 March 1924, which decided that Czechoslovakia should retain the territory of Javorina and Ždiar and which entailed (in the same year) an additional exchange of territories in Orava – the territory around Nižná Lipnica went to Poland, while the territory around Suchá Hora and Hladovka went to Czechoslovakia. The new frontiers were confirmed by a Czechoslovak-Polish Treaty on 24 April 1925 and are identical with present-day borders.

WWII

In a lead-up to WWII, parts of the disputed territories (Zaolzie) were annexed by Poland in 1938 following the Munich Agreement.

Both countries joined the Allies during World War II, and there were even talks of a confederation between the two countries; those plans were however opposed by the Soviet Union, which eventually gained other Allies' support in derailing the Czech-Polish talks.^[1][2]

Post-war

After World War II, both countries fell into the Soviet sphere of influence (the Eastern Bloc). A brief series of border conflicts erupted again, as Polish and Czechoslovakian politicians and army commanders argued both over the past borders, and over the newly acquired, formerly German territories, but pressure from the Soviet Union put an end to any serious conflict. Under Soviet pressure, in March 1947 Poland and Czechoslovakia signed a treaty of friendship and mutual assistance. On June 13, 1958, a border treaty between the People's Republic of Poland and the Czechoslovak Republic finally resolved the border issue, ending the border dispute.

Czechoslovakian Poles (numbering approximately 71,000 in 1984) were concentrated in the Ostrava mining region. Besides resident Poles, many more commuted across the border from the People's Republic of Poland to work in Czechoslovakia or to take advantage of the relative abundance of consumer goods in the neighbouring Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak officials tried to limit the influence of Poles, resident or not, considering the influence of Poles (given that Polish communist regime was considered more liberal) in the workplace a threat to the regime. For example, in 1950s, Poles had initiated the resistance to increased work demands in Czechoslovakia. Similarly, amidst the social and political crisis in the Poland of 1980s, there were also reports of strikes among the workers of Ostrava.^[3]

Poland, together with other Eastern Bloc countries, participated in the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. Gomulka, together with Walter Ulbricht, fearful of the possible influence of the Czechoslovakian liberalization movement in their own countries, had been some of the most ardent supporters of actions against Czechoslovakia. While the Polish communist party officially supported the intervention, Polish society unofficially sympathized with the rebellious Czechs. A Polish accountant, Ryszard Siwiec, committed suicide by self-immolation in protest of the invasion. From that time, members of the Polish and Czechoslovakian opposition increasingly were in touch with each other (see Komited Obrony Robotników and Charter 77). Relations between the two countries were amicable, but officially became somewhat strained in the aftermath of the rise of the opposition Solidarity movement in Poland in 1980 and 1981, improving again afterwards, as martial law in Poland temporarily weakened Solidarity.^[4] Solidarity members were also active in cooperation with Czechoslovakian opposition members, and the eventual opposition victory in Poland sparked off a similar victory of the Czechoslovak opposition.^[5]

After 1989 and the fall of communist governments in both countries (see Autumn of Nations), both countries reconfirmed their intention to have good relations under their new, democratic governments. Both set their targets at joining NATO and the European Union. Together with Hungary, they founded the Visegrád Group in 1991, and supported the creation of the Central European Free Trade Agreement in 1992. In December of 1992 the respective Presidents of both countries shared a long and heartfelt kiss.

After 1993 Czechoslovakia was split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and Poland-Czechoslovakia relations were replaced by Poland–Czech Republic relations and Poland–Slovakia relations.

References

1. ^ Anita Prażmowska, Britain and Poland, 1939–1943: the betrayed ally, Cambridge University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-521-48385-9, Google Print, p.142
2. ^ Serwatka, Tomasz; Idea federacji Polski z Czechosłowcją w opiniach czołowych polskich polityków emigracyjnych (1940–1942) [The idea of Polish-Czech federation viewed by major Polish emigration politicians (1940–1942)], Humanistic Review (02/2007) [1]
3. ^ http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-3686.html
4. ^ Czechoslovakia: Relations with Communist Nations, August 1987
5. ^ Padraic Kenney, A carnival of revolution : Central Europe 1989, Princeton University Press, 2003 ISBN 0-691-11627-X, Google Print, p.286-288

External links

• (Polish) Relacje polsko-czeskie w XX wieku
• (Polish) Marian Leczyk, POLSKO-CZECHOSŁOWACKIE STOSUNKI GOSPODARCZE (1921–1939)
• (Polish) KONFERENCJA NAUKOWA „OD RYWALIZACJI DO WSPÓŁPRACY”. RELACJE POLSKO-CZESKIE W BADANIACH MŁODYCH HISTORYKÓW.

Further reading

• M. K. Kamiński, Konflikt polsko-czeski 1918–1921, Warszawa 2001.
• M. K. Kamiński, Polsko-czechosłowackie stosunki polityczne 1945–1948, Warszawa 1990.
• Między przymusową przyjaźnią a prawdziwą solidarnością. Czesi ? Polacy ? Słowacy 1938/39-1945-1989, díl I., ed. P. Blažek, P. Jaworski, Ł. Kamiński, Warszawa 2007 [2]
• Sławomir M. Nowinowski, Stosunki polsko-czechosłowackie 1832–1939 w relacjach dyplomatów II Rzeczypospolitej, ISBN 83-88679-54-6
• Sebastian Pilarski, Zarys stosunków polsko-czechosłowackich 1918–1933, Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, 2008, ISBN 83-89886-93-6
• Anna Szczepańska, Czechosłowacja w polskiej polityce zagranicznej w latach 1918–1933 [3]
• J. Zając, R. Zięba, POLSKA W STOSUNKACH MIĘDZYNARODOWYCH 1945–1989, Toruń 2005, ISBN 83-7441-117-1