Andrea Dworkin

Infobox Person
name = Andrea Dworkin


image_size =
caption =
birth_date = birth date|mf=yes|1946|9|26|mf=y
birth_place = Camden, New Jersey
death_date = death date and age|mf=yes|2005|4|9|1946|9|26
death_place = Washington, D.C.
known_for = radical feminism, anti-pornography activism
religion =
spouse = John Stoltenberg
partner =

Andrea Rita Dworkin (September 26, 1946 – April 9, 2005) was an American radical feminist and writer best known for her criticism of pornography, which she believed to be linked with rape and other forms of violence against women.

An anti-war activist and anarchist in the late 1960s, Dworkin became a radical feminist and published ten books on radical feminist theory and practice. During the late 1970s and the 1980s, Dworkin gained national fame as a spokeswoman for the feminist anti-pornography movement, and for her writing on pornography and sexuality, particularly in "Pornography: Men Possessing Women" and "Intercourse", which remain her two most widely known books.

Early life

Dworkin was born in Camden, New Jersey to Harry Dworkin and Sylvia Spiegel. She had one younger brother, Mark. Her father was a schoolteacher and dedicated socialist, whom she credited with inspiring her passion for social justice. Her relationship with her mother was strained, but Dworkin later wrote about how her mother's belief in legal birth control and legal abortion, "long before these were respectable beliefs," inspired her later activism. [Dworkin, "Heartbreak", 23.]

Though she described her Jewish household as being in many ways dominated by the memory of the Holocaust, it nonetheless provided a happy childhood until the age of nine when an unknown man molested her in a movie theater. When Dworkin was 10, her family moved from the city to the suburbs of Cherry Hill Township, New Jersey (then known as Delaware Township), which she later wrote she "experienced as being kidnapped by aliens and taken to a penal colony". [Dworkin, "Life and Death", 3.] In sixth grade, the administration at her new school punished her for refusing to sing "Silent Night" (as a Jew, she objected to being forced to sing Christian religious songs at school). [Dworkin, "Heartbreak", pp. 21–22.]

Dworkin began writing poetry and fiction in the sixth grade. Throughout high school, she read heavily, with encouragement from her parents. She was particularly influenced by Arthur Rimbaud, Charles Baudelaire, Henry Miller, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Che Guevara, and the Beat poets, especially Allen Ginsberg. [Dworkin, "Life and Death" 23-24, 28; "Heartbreak" 37-40.]

College and early activism

In 1965, while a student at Bennington College, Dworkin was arrested during an anti-Vietnam War protest at the United States Mission to the United Nations and sent to the New York Women's House of Detention. Dworkin testified that the doctors in the House of Detention gave her an internal examination which was so rough that she bled for days afterwards. She spoke in public and testified before a grand jury about her experience, and the media coverage of her testimony made national and international news. [Dworkin, "Heartbreak", 77-81.] The grand jury declined to make an indictment in the case, [Dworkin, "Heartbreak", 80.] but Dworkin's testimony contributed to public outrage over the mistreatment of inmates. The prison was closed seven years later.

Soon after testifying before the grand jury, Dworkin left Bennington to live in Greece and to pursue her writing. [Dworkin, "Heartbreak" 80, 83.] She traveled from Paris to Athens on the Orient Express, and went to live and write in Crete. [Dworkin, "Heartbreak", 83-85, 87.] While in Crete, she wrote a series of poems titled "(Vietnam) Variations", a collection of poems and prose poems that she printed in Crete in a book called "Child", and a novel in a style resembling magical realism called "Notes on Burning Boyfriend" -- a reference to the pacifist Norman Morrison, who had burned himself to death in protest of the Vietnam War. She also wrote several poems and dialogues which she hand-printed after returning to the United States in a book called "Morning Hair". [Dworkin, "Heartbreak", 98.]

After living in Crete, Dworkin returned to Bennington for two years, where she continued to study literature and participated in campaigns against the college's student conduct code, for contraception on campus, for the legalization of abortion, and against the Vietnam War. [Dworkin, "Heartbreak", 107-112.]

Life in the Netherlands

Dworkin graduated from Bennington College with a degree in Literature in 1968, and moved to Amsterdam to interview Dutch anarchists in the Provo countercultural movement. [Dworkin, "Life and Death", 24–25; "Heartbreak", 117.] While in Amsterdam, she became involved with, and then married, one of the anarchists she met. Soon after they were married, she says, he began to abuse her severely, punching and kicking her, burning her with cigarettes, beating her on her legs with a wooden beam, and banging her head against the floor until he knocked her unconscious. [Dworkin, "Heartbreak", 119; "Letters from a War Zone", 103, 332.]

After she left her husband late in 1971, Dworkin spent a year caught in the Netherlands, where she says her ex-husband "attacked, persecuted, followed [and] harassed" her, beating her and threatening her whenever he found where she was hiding. She found herself desperate for money, often homeless, thousands of miles from home and family, later remarking that "I often lived the life of a fugitive, except that it was the more desperate life of a battered woman who had run away for the last time, whatever the outcome". [Dworkin, "Life and Death", 17.] For a while, she was a prostitute. Ricki Abrams, a feminist and fellow expatriate, sheltered Dworkin in her home, and helped her find places to stay on houseboats, a communal farm, and deserted buildings. [Dworkin, "Life and Death", 18–19] Dworkin tried to work up the money to return to the United States.

Abrams introduced Dworkin to early radical feminist writing from the United States, and Dworkin was especially inspired by Kate Millett's "Sexual Politics", Shulamith Firestone's "The Dialectic of Sex", and Robin Morgan's "Sisterhood is Powerful". [Dworkin, "Life and Death", 19; "Heartbreak", 118.] She and Abrams began to work together on "early pieces and fragments" of a radical feminist text on the hatred of women in culture and history, [Dworkin, "Woman Hating", Acknowledgement, 7.] including a completed draft of a chapter on the pornographic counterculture magazine "Suck", which was published by a group of fellow expatriates in the Netherlands. [Dworkin, "Life and Death", 21; "Heartbreak", 122.]

Dworkin later wrote that she eventually agreed to help smuggle a briefcase of heroin through customs in return for $1,000 and an airplane ticket, thinking that if she was successful she could return home with the ticket and the money, and if she was caught she would escape her ex-husband by going to prison. The deal for the briefcase fell through, but the man who had promised Dworkin the money gave her the airline ticket anyway, and she returned to the United States in 1972. [Dworkin, "Letters from a War Zone", 332-333; "Life and Death", 22.]

Before she left Amsterdam, Dworkin spoke with Abrams about her experiences in the Netherlands, the emerging feminist movement, and the book they had begun to write together. Dworkin agreed to complete the book — which she eventually titled "Woman Hating" — and publish it when she reached the United States. [Dworkin, "Life and Death", 22.] In her memoirs, Dworkin relates that during that conversation she vowed to dedicate her life to the feminist movement:

Return to New York and contact with the feminist movement

When she returned to New York City, Dworkin brought back the "early pieces and fragments" of "Woman Hating", and took odd jobs to support herself while she expanded and finished the book. "Woman Hating" became Dworkin's first published book in 1974. It offered radical feminist analyses of fairy tales and literary pornography, which Dworkin argued presented women as passive, dependent, and defined by a male sexuality that eroticized women's humiliation and submission. It then discussed "gynocidal" expressions of that view of femininity, in the form of European witch hunts and Chinese foot binding. Dworkin argued that binary gender roles were a myth, expressed in the stories and enforced by the violence, that could and should be overcome, in favor of an "androgynous society," for the sake of women's freedom and human flourishing.

In New York, Dworkin worked again as an anti-war organizer, participated in demonstrations for lesbian rights and against apartheid in South Africa. [Dworkin, "Heartbreak", 123.] The feminist poet Muriel Rukeyser hired her as an assistant (Dworkin later said "I was the worst assistant in the history of the world. But Muriel kept me on because she believed in me as a writer." [Dworkin, "Letters from a War Zone", 3.] ) Dworkin also joined a feminist consciousness raising group, [Dworkin, "Heartbreak" 124.] and soon became involved in radical feminist organizing, focusing on campaigns against violence against women. In addition to her writing and activism, Dworkin gained notoriety as a speaker, mostly for events organized by local feminist groups. [Dworkin, "Heartbreak", 139–143.] She became well-known for passionate, uncompromising speeches that aroused strong feelings in both supporters and critics, and inspired her audience to action, such as her speech at the first Take Back the Night march in November 1978, and her 1983 speech at the Midwest Regional Conference of the National Organization for Changing Men (now the National Organization for Men Against Sexism [ [http://www.nomas.org NOMAS | Pro-feminist, gay affirmative, anti-racist, enhancing men's lives ] ] ) entitled " [http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIIIE.html I Want a Twenty-Four Hour Truce During Which There Is No Rape] ."

Relationship with John Stoltenberg

In 1974, she met feminist writer and activist John Stoltenberg when they both walked out on a poetry reading in Greenwich Village over misogynist material. They became close friends and eventually came to live together.cite web|url=http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/LivingWithAndrea.html|title=Living with Andrea Dworkin|author=John Stoltenberg|accessdate=2008-04-18] Stoltenberg wrote a series of radical feminist books and articles on masculinity. Although Dworkin publicly wrote "I love John with my heart and soul" [cite web|url=http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/AutobiographyIII.html|title=Autobiography, Part III|author=Dworkin|accessdate=2008-04-18] and Stoltenberg described Dworkin as "the love of my life",cite web|url=http://www.feminist.com/resources/artspeech/genwom/andreadworkin.html|title=Imagining Life Without Andrea|author=John Stoltenberg|accessdate=2008-04-18] she continued to publicly identify herself as lesbian, and he as gay. Stoltenberg, recounting the perplexity that their relationship seemed to cause people in the press, summarized the relationship by saying "So I state only the simplest facts publicly: yes, Andrea and I live together and love each other and we are each other's life partner, and yes we are both out."

Dworkin and Stoltenberg were married in 1998; after her death, Stoltenberg said "It's why we never told anybody really that we married, because people get confused about that. They think, Oh, she's yours. And we just did not want that nonsense."

Critique of pornography

Andrea Dworkin is most often remembered for her role as a speaker, writer, and activist in the feminist anti-pornography movement. Her critique of pornography began with "Woman Hating", in which she offered a critical analysis of the contemporary pornography, in the novels "Story of O" and "L'Image", and in the counterculture pornographic newspaper "Suck". Dworkin argued that pornography presented the adult and explicit development of the sexual politics expressed implicitly for children in fairy tales, and that it portrayed women as passive victims, whose identity was expressed in eroticized degradation, humiliation, or outright violence.

In February 1976, Dworkin took a leading role in organizing public pickets of "Snuff" in New York City and, during the fall, joined Adrienne Rich, Grace Paley, Gloria Steinem, Shere Hite, Lois Gould, Barbara Deming, Karla Jay, Letty Cottin Pogrebin, Robin Morgan, Susan Brownmiller in attempts to form a radical feminist antipornography group. [Brownmiller, "In Our Time", 297–299.] Members of this group would go on to found Women Against Pornography in 1979, but by then Dworkin had begun to distance herself from the group over differences in approach. [Brownmiller, "In Our Time", 303, 316.] Dworkin spoke at the first Take Back the Night march in November 1978, and joined 3,000 women in a march through the red-light district of San Francisco (Brownmiller 391-392).

In 1979, Dworkin published [http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/PornAList.html "Pornography: Men Possessing Women"] , which analyzes (and extensively cites examples drawn from) contemporary and historical pornography as an industry of woman-hating dehumanization. Dworkin argues that it is implicated in violence against women, both in its production (through the abuse of the women used to star in it), and in the social consequences of its consumption by encouraging men to eroticize the domination, humiliation, and abuse of women.

Antipornography civil rights ordinance

In 1980, Linda Boreman (who had appeared in the pornographic film "Deep Throat" as "Linda Lovelace") made public statements that her ex-husband Chuck Traynor had beaten and raped her, and violently coerced her into making that and other pornographic films. Boreman made her charges public for the press corps at a press conference, with Dworkin, feminist lawyer Catharine MacKinnon, and members of Women Against Pornography. After the press conference, Dworkin, MacKinnon, Gloria Steinem, and Boreman began discussing the possibility of using federal civil rights law to seek damages from Traynor and the makers of "Deep Throat". Boreman was interested, but backed off after Steinem discovered that the statute of limitations for a possible suit had passed (Brownmiller 337).

Dworkin and MacKinnon, however, continued to discuss civil rights litigation as a possible approach to combating pornography. In the fall of 1983, MacKinnon secured a one-semester appointment for Dworkin at the University of Minnesota, to teach a course in literature for the Women's Studies program and co-teach (with MacKinnon) an interdepartmental course on pornography, where they hashed out details of a civil rights approach. With encouragement from community activists in south Minneapolis, the Minneapolis city government hired Dworkin and MacKinnon to draft an antipornography civil rights ordinance as an amendment to the Minneapolis city civil rights ordinance. The amendment defined pornography as a civil rights violation against women, and allowed women who claimed harm from pornography to sue the producers and distributors in civil court for damages. The law was passed twice by the Minneapolis city council but vetoed by Mayor Don Fraser, who considered the wording of the ordinance to be too vague. Another version of the ordinance passed in Indianapolis, Indiana in 1984, but overturned as unconstitutional by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals in the case "American Booksellers v. Hudnut". Dworkin continued to support the civil rights approach in her writing and activism, and supported anti-pornography feminists who organized later campaigns in Cambridge, Massachusetts (1985) and Bellingham, Washington (1988) to pass versions of the ordinance by voter initiative (cf. "Life and Death", pp. 90–95).

Testimony before Attorney General's Commission on Pornography

On January 22, 1986, Dworkin testified for half an hour before the Attorney General's Commission on Pornography (sometimes referred to as the "Meese Commission") in New York City, and answered questions from commissioners after completing her testimony ("Letters from a War Zone", 276; a transcript is reprinted as "Pornography Is A Civil Rights Issue", pp. 276–307). Dworkin's testimony against pornography was praised and reprinted in the Commission's final report, [cite web|url=http://www.porn-report.com/401-victimization.htm|title=Victimization|work=Attorney General's Commission on Pornography|year=1986|accessdate=2008-04-18] and Dworkin and MacKinnon marked its release by holding a joint press conference. [cite web|url=http://cultronix.eserver.org/califia/meese/|title=The Obscene, Disgusting, and Vile Meese Commission Report|author=Pat Califia|accessdate=2008-04-18] Meese Commission officials went on to successfully demand that convenience store chains remove from shelves popular men's magazines such as "Playboy" (Dworkin wrote that the magazine "in both text and pictures promotes both rape and child sexual abuse") [cite web|url=http://www.amazoncastle.com/feminism/porn.shtml|title=Pornography and Feminism|author=Colleen McEneany|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060720195949/http://www.amazoncastle.com/feminism/porn.shtml|archivedate=2006-07-20|accessdate=2008-04-18] and "Penthouse". [cite web|url=http://home.earthlink.net/~durangodave/html/writing/Censorship.htm|title=Politics and Pornography: A Comparison of the Findings of the President's Commission and the Meese Commission and the Resulting Response|author=David M. Edwards|accessdate=2008-04-18] The demands spread nationally and intimidated some retailers into withdrawing photography magazines, among others. [cite web|url=http://www.mediacoalition.org/reports/wildmon.html|title=The Rev. Donald E. Wildmon’s Crusade for Censorship, 1977-1992|author=Christopher M. Finan and Anne F. Castro|accessdate=2008-04-18] The Meese Commission's campaign was eventually quashed with a First Amendment admonishment against prior restraint by the D.C. Federal Court in Meese v. Playboy (639 F.Supp. 581).

In her testimony and replies to questions from the commissioners, Dworkin condemned the use of criminal obscenity prosecutions against pornographers, stating, "We are against obscenity laws. We do not want them. I want you to understand why, whether you end up agreeing or not" (285). She argued that obscenity laws were largely ineffectual (285), that when they were effectual they only suppressed pornography from public view while allowing it to flourish out of sight (285-286), and that they suppressed the wrong material, or the right material for the wrong reasons, arguing that "Obscenity laws are also woman-hating in their very construction. Their basic presumption is that it's women's bodies that are dirty" (286). Instead she offered five recommendations for the Commission, recommending (1) that "the Justice Department instruct law-enforcement agencies to keep records of the use of pornography in violent crimes" (286), (2) a ban on the possession and distribution of pornography in prisons (287), (3) that prosecutors "enforce laws against pimping and pandering against pornographers" (287), (4) that the administration "make it a Justice Department priority to enforce RICO (the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) against the pornography industry" (287), and (5) that Congress adopt federal anti-pornography civil rights legislation which would provide for civil damages for harm inflicted on women. She suggested that the Commission consider "creating a criminal conspiracy provision under the civil rights law, such that conspiring to deprive a person of their civil rights by coercing them into pornography is a crime, and that conspiring to traffic in pornography is conspiring to deprive women of our civil rights" (288). Dworkin compared her proposal to the Southern Poverty Law Center's use of civil rights litigation against the Ku Klux Klan (285).

Dworkin also submitted into evidence a copy of Boreman's book "Ordeal", as an example of the abuses that she hoped to remedy, saying "The only thing atypical about Linda is that she has had the courage to make a public fight against what has happened to her. And whatever you come up with, it has to help her or it's not going to help anyone." Boreman had testified in person before the Commission, but the Commissioners had not yet seen her book (289).

"Right-Wing Women"

In 1983, Dworkin published "Right-Wing Women: The Politics of Domesticated Females", an examination of what she claimed were women's reasons for collaborating with men for the limitation of women's freedom. [cite web|url=http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/RightWingWomenAbortion.html|title=Abortion|author=Dworkin|work=Right-Wing Women: The Politics of Domesticated Females|accessdate=2008-04-18] In the Preface to the British edition (reprinted in "Letters from a War Zone", 185-194), Dworkin stated that the New Right in the United States focused especially on preserving male authority in the family, the promotion of fundamentalist versions of orthodox religion, combating abortion, and undermining efforts to combat domestic violence (192-193), but that it also had, for the first time, "succeeded in getting "women as women" (women who claim to be acting in the interests of women as a group) to act effectively on behalf of male authority over women, on behalf of a hierarchy in which women are subservient to men, on behalf of women as the rightful property of men, on behalf of religion as an expression of transcendent male supremacy" (193). Taking this as her problem, Dworkin asked, "Why do right-wing women agitate for their own subordination? How does the Right, controlled by men, enlist their participation and loyalty? And why do right-wing women truly hate the feminist struggle for equality?" (194).

"Intercourse"

In 1987 Dworkin published "Intercourse", in which she extended her analysis from pornography to sexual intercourse itself, and argued that the sort of sexual subordination depicted in pornography was central to men's and women's experiences of heterosexual intercourse in a male supremacist society. In the book, she argues that all heterosexual sex in our patriarchal society is coercive and degrading to women, and sexual penetration may by its very nature doom women to inferiority and submission, and "may be immune to reform." [http://faculty.uccb.ns.ca/sstewart/sexlove/dworkin.htm dworkin ] ]

Citing from both pornography and literature—including "The Kreutzer Sonata", "Madame Bovary", and "Dracula"—Dworkin argued that depictions of intercourse in mainstream art and culture consistently emphasized heterosexual intercourse as the only kind of "real" sex, portrayed intercourse in violent or invasive terms, portrayed the violence or invasiveness as central to its eroticism, and often united it with male contempt for, revulsion towards, or even murder of, the "carnal" woman. She argued that this kind of depiction enforced a male-centric and coercive view of sexuality, and that, when the cultural attitudes combine with the material conditions of women's lives in a sexist society, the experience of heterosexual intercourse itself becomes a central part of men's subordination of women, experienced as a form of "occupation" that is nevertheless expected to be pleasurable for women and to define their very status "as women". [cite web|url=http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/IntercourseI.html|title=Occupation/Collaboration|author=Dworkin|work=Intercourse|accessdate=2008-04-18]

Such descriptions are often cited by Dworkin's critics, interpreting (sometimes even falsely quoting) the book as claiming that "All heterosexual intercourse is rape," or more generally that the anatomical machinations of sexual intercourse make it intrinsically harmful to women's equality. However, critics such as Cathy Young point out that numerous statements in the book, such as "Intercourse is the pure, sterile, formal expression of men's contempt for women," are difficult to misinterpret. It is frequently notedby whom?|date=July 2008 that Dworkin focused, and some argue slightly obsessed upon the male role in human sexuality in her writing, and furthermore may have had at least a marginal tendency to demonize male sexuality in her writing.fact|date=July 2008

Dworkin rejected that interpretation of her argument,cite web|url=http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/LieDetect.html|title=The Andrea Dworkin Lie Detector|accessdate=2008-04-18] stating in a later interview that "I think both intercourse and sexual pleasure can and will survive equality"cite web|url=http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/MoorcockInterview.html|title=Fighting Talk|author=Michael Moorcock and Andrea Dworkin|accessdate=2008-04-18] and suggesting that the misunderstanding came about because of the very sexual ideology she was criticizing: "Since the paradigm for sex has been one of conquest, possession, and violation, I think many men believe they need an unfair advantage, which at its extreme would be called rape. I do not think they need it." (For discussion of the controversy, see: "Intercourse")

"Butler" decision in Canada

In 1992, the Supreme Court of Canada made a ruling in R. v. Butler (the "Butler decision") which incorporated some elements of Dworkin and MacKinnon's legal work on pornography into the existing Canadian obscenity law. In "Butler" the Court held that Canadian obscenity law violated Canadian citizens' rights to free speech under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms if enforced on grounds of morality or community standards of decency; but that obscenity law could be enforced constitutionally against some pornography on the basis of the Charter's guarantees of sex equality. The Court's decision cited extensively from briefs prepared by the Women's Legal Education and Action Fund (LEAF), with the support and participation of Catharine MacKinnon. Andrea Dworkin opposed LEAF's position, arguing that feminists should not support or attempt to reform criminal obscenity law. In 1993, copies of Dworkin's book "Pornography" were held for inspection by Canadian customs agents, [cite web|url=http://www.efc.ca/pages/wired-3.03.html|title=Canada's Thought Police|author=Zachary Margulis|accessdate=2008-04-18] fostering an urban legend that Dworkin's own books had been banned from Canada under a law that she herself had promoted. However, the Butler decision did not adopt Dworkin and MacKinnon's ordinance; Dworkin did not support the decision; and her books (which were released shortly after they were inspected) were held temporarily as part of a standard procedural measure, unrelated to the "Butler" decision. [cite web|url=http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/OrdinanceCanada.html|title=Statement by Catharine A. MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin Regarding Canadian Customs and Legal Approaches to Pornography|author=Catharine A. MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin|accessdate=2008-04-18]

Fiction

Dworkin published three fictional works after achieving notability as a feminist author and activist. She published a collection of short stories, "The New Woman's Broken Heart" in 1980. Her first published novel, "Ice and Fire", was published in the United Kingdom in 1986. It is a first-person narrative, rife with violence and abuse; Susie Bright has claimed that it amounts to a modern feminist rewriting of one of the Marquis de Sade's most famous works, "Juliette".cite web|url=http://susiebright.blogs.com/susie_brights_journal_/2005/04/andrea_dworkin_.html|title=Andrea Dworkin Has Died|author=Susie Bright|accessdate=2008-04-18] However, Dworkin aimed to depict men's harm to women as normalized political harm, not as eccentric eroticism. Dworkin's second novel, "Mercy", was published in the United Kingdom in 1990.

Dworkin's short fiction and novels often incorporated elements from her life and themes from her nonfiction writing, sometimes related by a first-person narrator. Critics have sometimes quoted passages spoken by characters in "Ice and Fire" as representations of Dworkin's own views. [cite web|url=http://www.fatherhoodcoalition.org/cpf/newreadings/2001/feminist_hate_speech.htm|title=Feminist Hate-Speech|publisher=The Fatherhood Coalition|accessdate=2008-04-18] [cite web|url=http://www.mensnewsdaily.com/archive/r/ross-eric/2005/ross072205.htm|title=Mind-Programming of the Masses|author=Eric Ross|work=MacDworkinism and VAWA: The Fraud of the Millennia|accessdate=2008-04-18] [cite web|url=http://www.keepmedia.com/pubs/USNewsWorldReport/1991/10/28/32198?extID=10026|title=The Words of The Culture War|author=John Leo|work=U.S. News & World Report|accessdate=2007-07-27] [cite web|url=http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2002/4/3/84026/28710|title=We have a potential rapist on k5|accessdate=2008-04-18] cf. Dworkin, however, wrote "My fiction is not autobiography. I am not an exhibitionist. I do not show myself. I am not asking for forgiveness. I do not want to confess. But I have used everything I know – my life – to show what I believe must be shown so that it can be faced. The imperative at the heart of my writing – what must be done – comes directly from my life. But I do not show my life directly, in full view; nor even look at it while others watch" ("Life and Death", 15).

Later life

In 1997, Dworkin published a collection of her speeches and articles from the 1990s in "Life and Death: Unapologetic Writings on the Continuing War on Women", including a long autobiographical essay on her life as a writer, and articles on violence against women, pornography, prostitution, Nicole Brown Simpson, the use of rape during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Montreal massacre, Israel, and the gender politics of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

In the same year, the "New York Times Book Review" published a lengthy letter of hers in which she describes the origins of her deeply felt hatred of prostitution and pornography ("mass-produced, technologized prostitution") as her history of being violently inspected by prison doctors, battered by her first husband and numerous other men. [cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/06/15/lifetimes/25885.html|title=Pornography and the New Puritans|author=Dworkin|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2008-04-18]

Unlike most feminist leaders, Dworkin was a strong opponent of President Bill Clinton during the Lewinsky scandal. [cite web|url=http://home.nyc.rr.com/taranto/hypo.htm|title=Who's a Hypocrite--and Who Cares?|author=Taranto, James|work=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=2008-06-23] She also expressed support for Paula Jones and Juanita Broaddrick. [Jackson, Candice E. "". Torrance, Ca: World Ahead Publishing, 240.]

In 2000, she published "Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation", in which she compared the oppression of women to the persecution of Jews, discussed the sexual politics of Jewish identity and anti-Semitism, and came to endorse a version of lesbian separatism, calling for the establishment of a women's homeland (with "land and guns") as a response to the oppression of women. [ [http://www.rapereliefshelter.bc.ca/herstory/rr_files85.html The Rape Relief Files: Take Back The Night] , by Joan, "Vancouver Herstory", 1985.] [http://www.guardian.co.uk/weekend/story/0,3605,1464891,00.html Through the pain barrier] by Andrea Dworkin, "The Guardian", April 23, 2005.] [ [http://wiredforbooks.org/andreadworkin/ Reading and Lecture at the 2002 Ohio University Spring Literary Festival] – links to RealAudio audio files.] [ [http://www.ifeminists.net/introduction/editorials/2005/0427droberts.html A Post-Mortem Analysis of Andrea Dworkin] by David A. Roberts April 27, 2005 ifeminist.com]

In June 2000, Dworkin published controversial articles in the "New Statesman"cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/200006050009|title=The day I was drugged and raped|author=Dworkin|accessdate=2008-04-18] and in the "Guardian",cite web|url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/politicsphilosophyandsociety/story/0,6000,327399,00.html|title='They took my body from me and used it'|author=Dworkin|accessdate=2008-04-18] stating that one or more men had raped her in her hotel room in Paris the previous year, putting GHB in her drink to disable her. Her articles ignited public controversy when writers such as Catherine Bennettcite web|url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/politicsphilosophyandsociety/story/0,6000,329577,00.html|title=Doubts about Dworkin|author=Catherine Bennett|accessdate=2008-04-18] and Julia Gracen Julia Gracen, "Salon.com" (September 20, 2000): [http://archive.salon.com/books/feature/2000/09/20/dworkin/index.html "Andrea Dworkin in Agony"] ] published doubts about her account, polarizing opinion between skeptics and supporters such as Catharine MacKinnon, Katharine Viner, [cite web|url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,6109,1457408,00.html|title='She never hated men'|author=Katharine Viner|accessdate=2008-04-18] and Gloria Steinem. Her reference to the incident was later described by Charlotte Raven as a "widely disbelieved claim," better seen as "a kind of artistic housekeeping." ["New Statesman", June 19, 2006] Emotionally fragile and in failing health, Dworkin mostly withdrew from public life for two years following the articles.cite web|url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,6109,1316080,00.html|title=A life without compromise|accessdate=2008-04-18] [Armstrong, Louise, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/women/story/0,3604,511930,00.html "The Trouble with Andrea"] , in "The Guardian", July 25, 2001.] [Califia, Pat, ed. "Forbidden Passages: writings banned in Canada." Pittsburgh: Cleis, 1995.] [Parfrey, Adam. "The Devil and Andrea Dworkin," in "Cult Rapture". Feral House Books. Portland, OR: 1995. Ppg. 53–62.]

In 2002, Dworkin published her autobiography, "Heartbreak: The Political Memoir of a Feminist Militant". She soon began to speak and write again, and in interview with Julie Bindel in 2004 said, "I thought I was finished, but I feel a new vitality. I want to continue to help women." She published three more articles in the "Guardian" and began work on a new book, "Writing America: How Novelists Invented and Gendered a Nation", on the role of novelists such as Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner in the development of American political and cultural identity, which was left unfinished when she died.

Illness and death

During her final years Dworkin suffered fragile health, and she revealed in her last column for the "Guardian" that she had been weakened and nearly crippled for the past several years by severe osteoarthritis in the knees. Shortly after returning from Paris in 1999, she had been hospitalized with a high fever and blood clots in her legs. A few months after being released from the hospital, she became increasingly unable to bend her knees, and underwent surgery to replace her knees with titanium and plastic prosthetics. She wrote, "The doctor who knows me best says that osteoarthritis begins long before it cripples -- in my case, possibly from homelessness, or sexual abuse, or beatings on my legs, or my weight. John, my partner, blames "Scapegoat", a study of Jewish identity and women's liberation that took me nine years to write; it is, he says, the book that stole my health. I blame the drug-rape that I experienced in 1999 in Paris."

When a newspaper interviewer asked her how she would like to be remembered, she said "In a museum, when male supremacy is dead. I'd like my work to be an anthropological artifact from an extinct, primitive society." [cite web|url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,1457741,00.html|title=Obituary|author=Julie Bindel|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2008-04-18] She died in her sleep on the morning of April 9, 2005, at her home in Washington, D.C.cite web|url=http://newyorkmetro.com/nymetro/news/people/features/11907/index4.html|title=The Prisoner of Sex|author=Ariel Levy|work=New York|accessdate=2008-04-18] The cause of death was later determined to be acute myocarditis. [cite web|url=http://www.andreadworkin.net/memorial/stoltinterview.html|title="First Year: An Interview with John Stoltenberg, March 11, 2006." Interviewed by Beth Ribet|accessdate=2008-04-18] She was 58 years old.

Legacy and controversy

Dworkin authored ten books of radical feminist theory and numerous speeches and articles, each designed to assert the presence of and denounce institutionalized and normalized harm against women. She became one of the most influential writers and spokeswomen of American radical feminism during the late 1970s and the 1980s. She characterized pornography as an industry of damaging objectification and abuse, not merely a fantasy realm. She discussed prostitution as a system of exploitation, and intercourse as a key site of subordination in patriarchy. Her analysis and writing influenced and inspired the work of her contemporary feminists, such as Catharine MacKinnon, Gloria Steinem, John Stoltenberg, Nikki Craft, Susan Cole, and Amy Elman.

Dworkin's uncompromising positions and strident style of writing and speaking, described by Robert Campbell as "apocalyptic," [cite web|url=http://hnn.us/blogs/entries/4351.html|title=Radical Feminism: Some Thoughts on Long’s Defense|author=Robert L. Campbell|accessdate=2008-04-18] earned her frequent comparisons to other speakers such as Malcolm X (by Robin Morgan, Susie Bright, and others). Gloria Steinem repeatedly compared her strident style to the Old Testament prophets; [cite web|url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,6109,1457610,00.html|title=Andrea Dworkin, embattled feminist, dies at 58|author=Mark Honigsbaum|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2008-04-18] [cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/06/23/1358234|title=Gloria Steinem Remembers Feminist Writer and Activist Andrea Dworkin|work=Democracy Now!|accessdate=2008-04-18] Susan Brownmiller recalls her Take Back the Night speech in 1978:

Many of Dworkin's early speeches are reprinted in her second book, [http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/OurBloodAListing.html "Our Blood"] (1976). Later selections of speeches were reprinted ten and twenty years later, in [http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneAListing.html "Letters from a War Zone"] (1988) and "Life and Death" (1997).

Her attitude and language often sharply polarized debate, and made Dworkin herself a figure of intense controversy. After her death, the conservative gay writer Andrew Sullivan claimed that "Many on the social right liked Andrea Dworkin. Like Dworkin, their essential impulse when they see human beings living freely is to try and control or stop them — for their own good. Like Dworkin, they are horrified by male sexuality, and see men as such as a problem to be tamed. Like Dworkin, they believe in the power of the state to censor and coerce sexual freedoms. Like Dworkin, they view the enormous new freedom that women and gay people have acquired since the 1960s as a terrible development for human culture." [cite web|url=http://time-blog.com/daily_dish/index.php?dish_inc=archives/2005_04_01_dish_archive.html#111384129072050618|title=Andrew Sullivan - Daily Dish, April 18, 2005|accessdate=2007-07-27] Cathy Young complained of a "whitewash" in feminist obituaries for Dworkin, argued that Dworkin's positions were manifestly misandrist, and stated that Dworkin was in fact insane. [cite web|url=http://cathyyoung.blogspot.com/2005/11/anti-feminist-moi.html|title=Anti-feminist? "Moi"?|author=Cathy Young|accessdate=2008-04-18] [cite web|url=http://www.reason.com/blog/show/109179.html|title=The Dworkin Whitewash|author=Cathy Young|accessdate=2008-04-18] Other feminists, however, published sympathetic or celebratory memorials online and in print.cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/16/opinion/16mackinnon.html?ex=1271304000&en=0b54a3eb2e26dcd9&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss|title=Who Was Afraid of Andrea Dworkin?|author=Catharine A. MacKinnon|accessdate=2008-04-18] [cite web|url=http://radgeek.com/gt/2005/04/10/may_she|title=May she be at peace: Andrea Dworkin (26 September 1946 - 9 April 2005)|accessdate=2008-04-18] [cite web|url=http://www.msmusings.net/archives/2005/04/andrea_dworkin.html|title=Andrea Dworkin Dies|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061225074237/http://www.msmusings.net/archives/2005/04/andrea_dworkin.html|archivedate=2006-12-25|accessdate=2007-07-27] [cite web|url=http://www.sapphosbreathing.com/archives/000578.html|title=In electric memory of Andrea Dworkin|accessdate=2008-04-18] [cite web|url=http://buggydoo.blogspot.com/2005/04/andrea-dworkin.html|title=Andrea Dworkin|accessdate=2008-04-18] Catharine MacKinnon, Dworkin's longtime friend and collaborator, published a column in the "New York Times", celebrating what she described as Dworkin's "incandescent literary and political career," suggested that Dworkin deserved a nomination for the Nobel Prize in Literature, and complained that "Lies about her views on sexuality (that she believed intercourse was rape) and her political alliances (that she was in bed with the right) were published and republished without attempts at verification, corrective letters almost always refused. Where the physical appearance of male writers is regarded as irrelevant or cherished as a charming eccentricity, Andrea's was reviled and mocked and turned into pornography. When she sued for libel, courts trivialized the pornographic lies as fantasy and dignified them as satire."

Dworkin's reports of violence suffered at the hands of men sometimes aroused skepticism, the most famous example being the public controversy over her allegations of being drugged and raped in Paris. In 1989, Dworkin wrote an article about her life as a battered wife in the Netherlands, "What Battery Really Is," in response to fellow radical feminist Susan Brownmiller, who had argued that Hedda Nussbaum, a battered woman, should have been indicted for her failure to stop Joel Steinberg from murdering their adoptive daughter. "Newsweek" initially accepted "What Battery Really Is" for publication, but then declined to publish the account at the request of their attorney, according to Dworkin, arguing that she needed either to publish anonymously "to protect the identity of the batterer" and remove references to specific injuries, or to provide "medical records, police records, a written statement from a doctor who had seen the injuries." Instead, Dworkin submitted the article to the "Los Angeles Times", which published it on March 12, 1989. [Dworkin, "Letters from a War Zone" 330.]

Some critics, such as Larry Flynt's magazine "Hustler" and Gene Healy, allege that Dworkin endorsed incest. In the closing chapter of "Woman Hating" (1974), Dworkin wrote that "The parent-child relationship is primarily erotic because all human relationships are primarily erotic," and that "The incest taboo, because it denies us essential fulfillment with the parents whom we love with our primary energy, forces us to internalize those parents and constantly seek them. The incest taboo does the worst work of the culture ... The destruction of the incest taboo is essential to the development of cooperative human community based on the free-flow of natural androgynous eroticism" (Dworkin 1974, p.189). Dworkin, however, does not explain if "fulfillment" is supposed to involve actual sexual intimacy, and one page earlier characterized what she meant by "erotic relationships" as relationships whose "substance is nonverbal communication and touch" (188), which she explicitly distinguished from what she referred to as "fucking" (187).

Dworkin's work from the early 1980s onward contained frequent condemnations of incest and pedophilia as one of the chief forms of violence against women, arguing that "Incest is terrifically important in understanding the condition of women. It is a crime committed against someone, a crime from which many victims never recover." ["Letters from a War Zone" 139-142, 149, 176-180, 308, 314-315; "Intercourse" 171, 194; "Life and Death" 22-23, 79-80, 86, 123, 143, 173, 188-189)] [Dworkin, "Letters from a War Zone", 139.] In the early 1980s she had a public row with her former friend Allen Ginsberg over his support for child pornography and pedophilia, in which Ginsberg said "The right wants to put me in jail," and Dworkin responded "Yes, they're very sentimental; I'd kill you." [Dworkin, "Heartbreak" 43–47.] When "Hustler" published the claim that Dworkin advocated incest in 1985, Dworkin sued them for defamatory libel; the court dismissed Dworkin's complaint on the grounds that whether the allegations were true or false, a faulty interpretation of a work placed into the "marketplace of ideas" did not amount to defamation in the legal sense. [cite web|url=http://wyomcases.courts.state.wy.us/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?citeID=122816|title="Dworkin v. L.F.P., Inc.", 1992 WY 120, 839 P.2d 903|accessdate=2007-07-27]

Other critics, especially women who identify as feminists but sharply differ with Dworkin's style or positions, have offered nuanced views, suggesting that Dworkin called attention to real and important problems, but that her legacy as a whole had been destructive to the women's movement. [cite web|url=http://www.melonfarmers.co.uk/nwandrea.htm|title=Obituary: Andrea Dworkin|accessdate=2008-04-18] Her work and activism on pornography—especially in the form of the Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance—drew heavy criticism from groups such as the Feminist Anti-Censorship Task Force (FACT). Dworkin also attracted criticism from sex-positive feminists, who emerged largely in opposition to the feminist anti-pornography movement during the 1980s, as Dworkin was becoming prominent on the national stage. Sex-positive feminist critics criticized her legal activism as censorious, and argued that her work on pornography and sexuality promoted an essentialist, conservative, or repressive view of sexuality, which they often characterized as "anti-sex" or "sex-negative." Her criticisms of common heterosexual sexual expression, pornography, prostitution, and sexual sadism were frequently claimed to disregard women's own agency in sex or to deny women's sexual choices. Dworkin countered that her critics often misrepresented her views, [See, for example, "Letters from a War Zone", p. 110, "Woman Hating" (1974) clearly repudiates any biological determinism; so does "Our Blood" (1976), especially 'The Root Cause.' So does this piece, published twice, in 1978 in "Heresies" and in 1979 in "Broadsheet". The event described in this piece, which occurred in 1977] and that under the heading of "choice" and "sex-positivity" her feminist critics were failing to question the often violent political structures that confined women's choices and shaped the meaning of sex acts. [See, for example, the 1995 Preface to "Intercourse", pp. vii-x, and "Intercourse", Chapter 7.]

Feminist journalist and writer Cathy Young criticized what she called Dworkin's "destructive legacy" and described Dworkin as a "sad ghost" that feminism needs to exorcise. [Cathy Young, "Woman's Hating: The Misdirected Passion of Andrea Dworkin", "The Boston Globe", April 19, 2005.]

Publications

Nonfiction

*"Heartbreak: The Political Memoir of a Feminist Militant" (2002) ISBN 0-465-01754-1
*"Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation" (2000) ISBN 0-684-83612-2
*"Life and Death: Unapologetic Writings on the Continuing War Against Women" (1997) ISBN 0-684-83512-6
*"In Harm’s Way: The Pornography Civil Rights Hearings" (with Catharine MacKinnon, 1997) ISBN 0-674-44579-1
*"Right-Wing Women: The Politics of Domesticated Females" (1991) ISBN 0-399-50671-3
*"Letters from a War Zone: Writings" (1988) ISBN 1-55652-185-5 ISBN 0-525-24824-2 ISBN 0-436-13962-6
*"Pornography and Civil Rights: A New Day for Women's Equality" (1988) ISBN 0-9621849-0-X
*"Intercourse" (1987) ISBN 0-684-83239-9
*"Pornography—Men Possessing Women" (1981) ISBN 0-399-50532-6 ( [http://www.porn-library.com/dworkin_pornography_summary.htm summary] [http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/PornAList.html Craft page] )
*"Our Blood: Prophesies and Discourses on Sexual Politics" (1976) ISBN 0-399-50575-X ISBN 0-06-011116-X
*"Woman Hating: A Radical Look at Sexuality" (Dutton, 1974) ISBN 0-452-26827-3 ISBN 0-525-48397-7

Fiction and poetry

*"Mercy" (1990, ISBN 0-941423-88-3)
*"Ice and Fire" (1986, ISBN 0-436-13960-X)
*"The New Woman's Broken Heart: Short Stories" (1980, ISBN 0-9603628-0-0)
*"Morning Hair" (self-published, 1968)
*"Child" (1966) (Heraklion, Crete, 1966)

Numbered short articles

*ASIN B0006XEJCG (1977) Marx and Gandhi were liberals: Feminism and the "radical" left
*ASIN B0006XX57G (1978) Why so-called radical men love and need pornography
*ASIN B00073AVJA (1985) Against the male flood: Censorship, pornography and equality
*ASIN B000711OSO (1985) The reasons why: Essays on the new civil rights law recognizing pornography as sex discrimination
*ASIN B00071HFYG (1986) Pornography is a civil rights issue for women
*ASIN B0008DT8DE (1996) A good rape. (Book Review)
*ASIN B0008E679Q (1996) Out of the closet.(Normal: Transsexual CEOs, Cross-Dressing Cops and Hermaphrodites with Attitude)(Book Review)
*ASIN B0008IYNJS (1996) The day I was drugged and raped

Digitalized speeches and interviews

* [http://www.andreadworkin.com/audio/TraffickingConference1989_P1_M.mp3 Why Men Like Pornography & Prostitution So Much] Andrea Dworkin Keynote Speech at International Trafficking Conference, 1989. "(Audio File: 22 min, 128 kbit/s, mp3)"
* [http://andreadworkin.com/audio/attgeneralcommNYC_M.mp3 Andrea Dworkin's Attorney General's Commission Testimony] on Pornography and Prostitution
* [http://www.andreadworkin.com/audio/ViolenceAbuseWomensCitizenshipM.mp3 Violence, Abuse &Women's Citizenship Brighton] , UK November 10, 1996
* [http://andreadworkin.com/audio/strikingback/ "Freedom Now: Ending Violence Against Women"]
* [http://www.andreadworkin.com/audio/duke01.85_M.mp3 "Speech from Duke University, January, 1985"]
* [http://www.andreadworkin.com/audio/dworkin_ginsberg_m.mp3 Taped Phone Interview] Andrea Dworkin interviewed by Nikki Craft on Allen Ginsberg, May 9, 1990. (Audio File, 20 min, 128 kbit/s, mp3)
* [http://www.culturalfarming.com/Civic%20Media/56_Thats%20Not%20Harm.mov That's Not Harm?] A radical remediation in tribute to Andrea - deactivating visual exploitation through civic media experimentation. (Quicktime .mov)

Reviews

* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE2DE133DF930A35756C0A961948260 "Ice and Fire" by Andrea Dworkin; "Intercourse" by Andrea Dworkin. "Male and Female, Men and Women"] . Reviewed by Carol Sternhell for the "New York Times" (May 3, 1987).
* [http://maureenmullarkey.com/essays/porn1.html "Intercourse" by Andrea Dworkin; "Feminism Unmodified" by Catharine MacKinnon. "Porn in the U.S.A., Part I"] . Reviewed by Maureen Mullarkey for "The Nation" (May 30, 1987):
* [http://www.isiswomen.org/wia/wia398/vaw00006.html Tenth Anniversary Edition (1997), "Intercourse" by Andrea Dworkin] . Reviewed by Giney Villar for "Women in Action" (3:1998).
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20050306002136/http://nyc.indymedia.org/newswire/display/140928/index.php "Pornography: Men Possessing Women". "Unburning a Witch: Re-Reading Andrea Dworkin"] . Reviewed by Jed Brandt for the "NYC Indypendent" (February 7, 2005).

Further reading

* Brownmiller, Susan (1999). "In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution" (ISBN 0-385-31486-8).
* Robinson, Jeremy Mark (2008). "Andrea Dworkin" (ISBN 9781861711267). Crescent Moon.
*Strossen, Nadine, "Defending Pornography: Free Speech, Sex, and the Fight for Women's Rights" (ISBN 0-8147-8149-7). New York University Press, 2000. (First edition New York: Scribner, 1995).

Notes

External links

* [http://www.andreadworkin.com Portal for Andrea Dworkin's Websites] maintained by Nikki Craft
* [http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/OnlineLibrary.html Official Andrea Dworkin Online Library] maintained by Nikki Craft
* [http://www.andreadworkin.net/ Andrea Dworkin Memorial Page] maintained by Nikki Craft
* [http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/a/andrea_dworkin.html Andrea Dworkin Quotes]
* [http://www.britannica.com/women/article-9124959 Encyclopaedia Britannica's 300 Women who changed the world] – Andrea Dworkin entry
* [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:sch01051 Andrea Dworkin Papers.] [http://www.radcliffe.edu/schles Schlesinger Library,] Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.