Colonisation of Kosovo

Division of Kosovo between the Kingdom of Serbia (green) and the Kingdom of Montenegro (purple) following the Balkan Wars 1913. See also Albania during the Balkan Wars

The Colonisation of Kosovo was a programme implemented by the Kingdom of Yugoslavia during the interwar period (1918–1941) with the aim to alter the ethnic population balance in Kosovo and Metohija between Serbs and Albanians.^[1] During the colonisation period between 60,000 and 65,000 colonists, of which over 90% were Serbs, settled in Kosovo.^[2][3] Along with the Serb colonisation, a policy of forced migration of ethnic Albanians from Kosovo was attempted, enlisting the participation of the Muslim nation of Turkey.^[4] During World War II, after the annexation of Kosovo to Albania, many Serbs in Kosovo were murdered or expelled to Serbia and Montenegro. The programme was abolished after World War II.

Colonisation process

Some Serb colonisation of Kosovo took place during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913).^[5] Government sponsored colonization was initiated in 1920 when the assembly of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia passed the Decree on the Colonisation of the Southern Provinces of Yugoslavia, while the second began in 1931, when the Decree on the Colonisation of the Southern Regionswas issued.^[6] Former soldiers and chetniks were offered incentives to settle in Kosovo, although this phase of the colonization is considered unsuccessful because only 60 to 70 thousand people showed a willingness become settlers, of whom many failed to follow through.^[7]

During 1918-1921 forced expulsions of the Albanian population reduced its numbers form 800,000-1,000,000 to about 439,500.^[8] In the 1930's, Yugoslavia signed treaties with Turkey, which were never implemented, providing that Turkey, a Muslim nation, would accept expellees (Albanians are overwhelmingly Muslim). One treaty signed in 1935 undertook the transfer of about 200,000 Muslim Albanians while a second treaty signed in 1938 undertook the transfer of 40,000 Muslim Albanian families.^[9]

Ethnic composition of Kosovo in 1911, with the modern border of Kosovo superimposed.^[10]

The table shows the total number of registered settlers in each Kosovo county:^[2]

COLONISATION OF KOSOVO
Regional Centre	Number of Colonists
Uroševac	15,381
Đakovica	15,824
Prizren	3,084
Peć	13,376
Kosovska Mitrovica	429
Vučitrn	10,169
Total	58,263

In 1937, a Serbian nationalist intellectual, Vaso Čubrilović, who had been one of the plotters of the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand, proposed the expulsion of all Albanians:

"In our examination of colonisation in the south, we hold the view that the only effective means of solving this problem is the mass expulsion of the Albanians. Gradual colonisation has had no success in our country, nor in other countries for that matter. If the state wishes to intervene in favour of its own people in the struggle for land, it can only be successful by acting brutally".

—Vaso Čubrilović, Memorandum^[11]

Aftermath and legacy

Further information: Second League of Prizren and Invasion of Yugoslavia

During the Second World War, Kosovo was annexed into an Albania under fascist rule. There ensued mass killings of Serbs and an exodus of tens of thousands of Serbs.^[12]. Carlo Umiltà, an aide to the leader of the Italian military forces in Kosovo, recounted that Albanians were out exterminate all Slavs and told of several events where horrified Italian troops were forced to fire on their Albanian allies to halt massacres of Serbs.^[13][14]

Kosovo in 1941

"Efforts should be made to get rid of the Serbian population in Kosovo and Metohija as soon as possible ... All indigenous Serbs should be declared as colonists and, with the help of the governments of Albania and Italy, should be sent to concentration camps in Albania. The Serbian settlers should be killed."^{[citation needed]}

After World War II Josip Broz Tito abolished the colonization programme in order to avoid ethnic and religious conflict. Initially, Serb colonists of the interwar period who had departed weren't allowed to return.^[15] After protests by Serb nationalists, this ban was revoked and a minority of the departed colonists returned to Kosovo.^[16] Eventually the ethnic balance of the population increased from 75 percent Albanian to 90 percent.

During the rise of Serbian nationalism in Yugoslavia in the 1980s and 1990s, revisionist books were published promoting the opinion that Serbs had been the sole victimized ethnicity in Kosovo during the existence of Yugoslavia.^[17] Among these works, Knjiga o Kosovu [A book on Kosovo] by an eminent professor, Dimitrije Bogdanović, in 1985 would be especially influential on one that would be influential on resurgent Serb nationalism among the Serb intelligentsia.

Notes

1. ^ Leurdijk & Zandee 2001, p. 13.
2. ^ ^{a b} Pavlović 2008.
3. ^ Jovanović 2006.
4. ^ Pribićević 1953, p. 15.
5. ^ Hadri 1967, p. 59-60.
6. ^ Bucur, Wingfield & Meriwether 2001, p. 254.
7. ^ Clark 2000, p. 10.
8. ^ Ramet 1995, p. 198.
9. ^ Buckley & Cummings 2001, p. 32.
10. ^ Shepherd 1911.
11. ^ Elsie 2002.
12. ^ Murray 1999, p. 15.
13. ^ Umiltà & 1947 116.
14. ^ Neubacher 1957, p. 116.
15. ^ Sells 1998, p. 54.
16. ^ Lampe 2000, p. 228.
17. ^ Dragović-Soso 2002, p. 127.

Sources

• Buckley, Mary E. A.; Cummings, Sally N. (2001). Kosovo: perceptions of war and its aftermath. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 9780826456700. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z5wvJPAaEtEC&pg=PA32. Retrieved 25 January 2011. 
• Bucur, Maria; Wingfield, Nancy Meriwether (2001). Staging the past: the politics of commemoration in Habsburg Central Europe, 1848 to the present. Purdue University Press. ISBN 9781557531612. http://books.google.com/books?id=RJzkg6o_dm4C&pg=PA254. Retrieved 22 January 2011. 
• Clark, Howard (2000). Civil resistance in Kosovo. Pluto Press. ISBN 9780745315690. http://books.google.com/books?id=OTW9XKUmrxsC&pg=PA10. Retrieved 22 January 2011. 
• Dragović-Soso, Jasna (2002). Saviours of the nation: Serbia's intellectual opposition and the revival of nationalism. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 9780773525238. http://books.google.com/books?id=z-RfBxpnUUQC&pg=PA127. Retrieved 24 January 2011. 
• Elsie, Robert (2002). Gathering clouds: the roots of ethnic cleansing in Kosovo and Macedonia. Peja: Dukagjini Balkan Books.  The Čubrilović memorandum, "The expulsion of the Albanians" is republished by Elsie online here.
• Hadri, Ali. 1967. Kosovo i Metohija u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji.
• Jovanović, Vladan. 2006. Tokovi i ishod međuratne kolonizacije Makedonije, Kosova i Metohije > pun tekst (i.e., click on the PDF link icon). Tokovi istorije, 3: 25-44. Beograd: Institut za noviju istoriju Srbije. (In Serbian, followed by summary in English)
• Lampe, John R. (2000). Yugoslavia as history: twice there was a country. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521774017. http://books.google.com/books?id=AZ1x7gvwx_8C&pg=PA228. Retrieved 25 January 2011. 
• Leurdijk, Dick A.; Zandee, Dick (2001). Kosovo: from crisis to crisis. Ashgate. p. 13. ISBN 9780754615545. http://books.google.com/books?ei=kwM_TdblMsaq8AONupWbDw&ct=result&id=IJZpAAAAMAAJ&dq=kacak+%2B+colonisation&q=alter+the+ethnic+balance#search_anchor. Retrieved 25 January 2011. 
• Maloku, Enver (1997) (in Albanian), Dëbimet e shqiptarëve dhe kolonizimi i Kosovës (1877-1995), Qendra për Informim e Kosovës, http://books.google.com/books?id=GjC5AAAAIAAJ&q=kolonizimi+i+kosoves&dq=kolonizimi+i+kosoves&hl=en&ei=wA9STYSEAYnagAfD6rihCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6wEwAA 
• Murray, Williamson. 1999. The emerging strategic environment: challenges of the twenty-first century. Prager.
• Neubacher, Hermann (1957). Sonderauftrag Südost, 1940-1945. Bericht eines fliegenden Diplomaten. Göttingen: Musterschmidt-Verlag.  (2. durchgesehene Auflage).
• Osmani, Jusuf (2000) (in Albanian), Kolonizimi serb i Kosovës, Era, http://books.google.com/books?id=rm8tAQAAIAAJ&q=kolonizimi+i+kosoves&dq=kolonizimi+i+kosoves&hl=en&ei=wA9STYSEAYnagAfD6rihCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ 
• Pavlović, Aleksandar. 2008. Prostorni raspored Srba i Crnogoraca kolonizovanih na Kosovo i Metohiju u periodu između 1918. i 1941. godine. Baština, 24: 231-245. Leposavić: Institut za srpsku kulturu – Priština. (In Serbian, followed by summary in English) (Click the PDF link icon, or cut and paste the URL to avoid redirection away from the PDF.)
• Pribićević, Svetozar. 1953. Diktatuara Kralja Aleksandra. Beograd: Prosveta. (Republished 1990 by Globus, Zagreb.)
• Ramet, Sabrina P. (1995). Social currents in Eastern Europe: the sources and consequences of the great transformation. Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822315483. http://books.google.com/books?id=F3HTHpikwq4C&pg=PA198. Retrieved 22 January 2011. 
• Sells, Michael Anthony (1998-12-10). The bridge betrayed: religion and genocide in Bosnia. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520216624. http://books.google.com/books?id=FAdxZ6F2uEAC&pg=PA54. Retrieved 25 January 2011. 
• Shepherd, William R. (1911). Historical atlas. New York: Henry Holt and Company. 
• Umiltà, Carlo. 1947. Jugoslavia e Albania. Memorie di un diplomatico. Milano: Garzanti.

Further reading

• Bogdanović, Dimitrije; Samardžić, Radovan (1990). Knjiga o Kosovu: razgovori o Kosovu. NIRO "Jedinstvo".  Originally published 1985.
• State collapse in South-Eastern Europe: new perspectives on Yugoslavia's disintegration. Purdue University Press. 2008. 
• OSCE. 1999. Kosovo/Kosova, As Seen, As Told, An analysis of the human rights findings of the OSCE Kosovo Verification Mission, October 1998 to June 1999, Warsaw, 1999.
• Gowan, Peter (1999). "Kosovo; the war and its aftermath.". Labour Focus on Eastern Europe 64: 26. 
• Stein, Stuart D. 1999. Expulsions of Albanians and Colonisation of Kosova. (1997 version)
• "missing". Time: pp. 25-26. May 17, 1999. 

See also

• History of Kosovo
• Demographics of Kosovo

External links

• Kolonizimi Serb i Kosovës (Albanian)