Finitely-generated module

In mathematics, a finitely generated module is a module that has a finite generating set. A finitely generated R-module also may be called a finite R-module or finite over R.^[1]

Related concepts include finitely cogenerated modules, finitely presented modules, finitely related modules and coherent modules all of which are defined below. Over a Noetherian ring the concepts of finitely generated, finitely related, finitely presented and coherent modules all coincide.

A finitely generated module over a field is simply a finite-dimensional vector space, and a finitely generated module over the integers is simply a finitely generated abelian group.

Formal definition

The left R-module M is finitely generated if and only if there exist a₁, a₂, ..., a_n in M such that for all x in M, there exist r₁, r₂, ..., r_n in R with x = r₁a₁ + r₂a₂ + ... + r_na_n.

The set {a₁, a₂, ..., a_n} is referred to as a generating set for M in this case.

In the case where the module M is a vector space over a field R, and the generating set is linearly independent, n is well-defined and is referred to as the dimension of M (well-defined means that any linearly independent generating set has n elements: this is the dimension theorem for vector spaces).

Examples

• Let R be an integral domain with K its field of fractions. Then every R-submodule of K is a fractional ideal. If R is Noetherian, every fractional ideal arises in this way.
• Finitely generated modules over the ring of integers Z coincide with the finitely generated abelian groups. These are completely classified by the structure theorem, taking Z as the principal ideal domain.
• Finitely generated modules over division rings are precisely finite dimensional vector spaces.

Some facts

Every homomorphic image of a finitely generated module is finitely generated. In general, submodules of finitely generated modules need not be finitely generated. As an example, consider the ring R = Z[X₁,X₂,...] of all polynomials in countably many variables. R itself is a finitely generated R-module (with {1} as generating set). Consider the submodule K consisting of all those polynomials without constant term. Since every polynomial contains only finitely many variables, the R-module K is not finitely generated.

In general, a module is said to be Noetherian if every submodule is finitely generated. A finitely generated module over a Noetherian ring is a Noetherian module (and indeed this property characterizes Noetherian rings). This resembles, but is not exactly Hilbert's basis theorem, which states that the polynomial ring R[X] over a Noetherian ring R is Noetherian. Both facts imply that a finitely generated algebra over a Noetherian ring is again a Noetherian ring.

More generally, an algebra (e.g., ring) that is a finitely-generated module is a finitely-generated algebra. Conversely, if a finitely generated algebra is integral (over the coefficient ring), then it is finitely generated module. (See integral element for more.)

Let $0 \to M' \to M \to M'' \to 0$ be an exact sequence of modules. Then M is finitely generated if M',M'' are finitely generated. There are some partial converses to this. If M is finitely generated and M'' is finitely presented (which is stronger than finitely generated; see below), then M' is finitely-generated. Also, M is Noetherian (resp. Artinian) if and only if M',M'' are Noetherian (resp. Artinian).

Let B be a ring and A its subring such that B is a faithfully flat right A-module. Then a left A-module F is finitely generated (resp. finitely presented) if and only if the B-module $B \otimes_A F$ is finitely generated (resp. finitely presented)^[2].

Finitely generated modules over a commutative ring

For finitely generated modules over a commutative ring R, Nakayama's lemma is fundamental. Sometimes, the lemma allows one to prove finite dimensional vector spaces phenomena for finitely generated modules. For example, if $f: M \to M$ is a surjective R-endomorphism of a finitely generated module M, then f is also injective, and hence is an automorphism of M.^[3] This says simply that M is a Hopfian module. Similarly, an Artinian module M is coHopfian: any injective endomorphism f is also a surjective endomorphism^[4].

Any R-module is an inductive limit of finitely generated R-submodules. This is useful for weakening an assumption to the finite case (e.g., the characterization of flatness with the Tor functor.)

An example of a link between finite generation and integral elements can be found in commutative algebras. To say that a commutative algebra A is a finitely generated ring over R means that there exists a set of elements G={x₁...x_n} of A such that the smallest subring of A containing G and R is A itself. Because the ring product may be used to combine elements, more than just R combinations of elements of G are generated. For example, a polynomial ring R[x] is finitely generated by {1,x} as a ring, but not as a module. If A is a commutative algebra (with unity) over R, then the following two statements are equivalent^[5]:

• A is a finitely generated R module.
• A is both a finitely generated ring over R and an integral extension of R.

Equivalent definitions and finitely cogenerated modules

The following conditions are equivalent to M being finitely generated (f.g.):

• For any family of submodules $\{N_i\mid i\in I\}\,$ in M, if $\sum_{i\in I}N_i=M\,$, then $\sum_{i\in F}N_i=M\,$ for some finite subset F of I.

• For any chain of submodules $\{N_i\mid i\in I\}\,$ in M, if $\bigcup_{i\in I}N_i=M\,$, then $N_i=M\,$ for some i in I.

• If $\phi:\bigoplus_{i\in I}R\rightarrow M\,$ is an epimorphism, then the restriction $\phi:\bigoplus_{i\in F}R\rightarrow M\,$ is an epimorphism for some finite subset F of I.

From these conditions it is easy to see that being finitely generated is a property preserved by Morita equivalence. The conditions are also convenient to define a dual notion of a finitely cogenerated module M. The following conditions are equivalent to a module being finitely cogenerated (f.cog.):

• For any family of submodules $\{N_i\mid i\in I\}\,$ in M, if $\bigcap_{i\in I}N_i=\{0\}\,$, then $\bigcap_{i\in F}N_i=\{0\}\,$ for some finite subset F of I.

• For any chain of submodules $\{N_i\mid i\in I\}\,$ in M, if $\bigcap_{i\in I}N_i=\{0\}\,$, then $N_i=\{0\}\,$ for some i in I.

• If $\phi:M\rightarrow \prod_{i\in I}R\,$ is a monomorphism, then $\phi:M\rightarrow \prod_{i\in F}R\,$ is a monomorphism for some finite subset F of I.

Both f.g. modules and f.cog. modules have interesting relationships to Noetherian and Artinian modules, and the Jacobson radical J(M) and socle soc(M) of a module. The following facts illustrate the duality between the two conditions. For a module M:

• M is Noetherian if and only if every submodule of N of M is f.g.
• M is Artinian if and only if every quotient module M/N is f.cog.
• M is f.g. if and only if J(M) is a superfluous submodule of M, and M/J(M) is f.g.
• M is f.cog. if and only if soc(M) is an essential submodule of M, and soc(M) is f.g.
• If M is a semisimple module (such as soc(N) for any module N), it is f.g. if and only if f.cog.
• If M is f.g. and nonzero, then M has a maximal submodule and any quotient module M/N is f.g.
• If M is f.cog. and nonzero, then M has a minimal submodule, and any submodule N of M is f.cog.
• If N and M/N are f.g. then so is M. The same is true if "f.g." is replaced with "f.cog."

Finitely cogenerated modules must have finite uniform dimension. This is easily seen by applying the characterization using the finitely generated essential socle. Somewhat asymmetrically, finitely generated modules do not necessarily have finite uniform dimension. For example, an infinite direct product of nonzero rings is a finitely generated (cyclic!) module over itself, however it clearly contains an infinite direct sum of nonzero submodules. Finitely generated modules do not necessarily have finite co-uniform dimension either: any ring R with unity such that R/J(R) is not a semisimple ring is a counterexample.

Finitely presented, finitely related, and coherent modules

Another formulation is this: a finitely generated module M is one for which there is a epimorphism

f : R^k → M.

Suppose now there is an epimorphism,

φ : F → M.

for a module M and free module F.

• If the kernel of φ is finitely generated, then M is called a finitely related module. Since M is isomorphic to F/ker(φ), this basically expresses that M is obtained by taking a free module and introducing finitely many relations within F (the generators of ker(φ)).
• If the kernel of φ is finitely generated and F has finite rank (i.e. F=R^k), then M is said to be a finitely presented module. Here, M is specified using finitely many generators (the images of the k generators of F=R^k) and finitely many relations (the generators of ker(φ)).
• A coherent module M is a finitely generated module whose finitely generated submodules are finitely presented.

Over any ring R, coherent modules are finitely presented, and finitely presented modules are both finitely generated and finitely related. For a Noetherian ring R, all four conditions are actually equivalent.

Some crossover occurs for projective or flat modules. A finitely generated projective module is finitely presented, and a finitely related flat module is projective.

It is true also that the following conditions are equivalent for a ring R:

1. R is a right coherent ring.
2. The module R_R is a coherent module.
3. Every finitely presented right R module is coherent.

Although coherence seems like a more cumbersome condition than finitely generated or finitely presented, it is nicer than them since the category of coherent modules is an abelian category, while, in general, neither finitely generated nor finitely presented modules form an abelian category.

See also

• Integral element
• Artin–Rees lemma

References

1. ^ For example, Matsumura uses this terminology.
2. ^ Bourbaki 1998, Ch 1, §3, no. 6, Proposition 11.
3. ^ Matsumura 1989, Theorem 2.4.
4. ^ Atiyah & Macdonald 1969, Exercise 6.1.
5. ^ Kaplansky 1970, Theorem 17, p. 11.

Textbooks

• Atiyah, M. F.; Macdonald, I. G. (1969), Introduction to commutative algebra, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, Mass.-London-Don Mills, Ont., pp. ix+128, MR(39 #4129) 0242802 (39 #4129) 
• Bourbaki, Nicolas, Commutative algebra. Chapters 1--7. Translated from the French. Reprint of the 1989 English translation. Elements of Mathematics (Berlin). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998. xxiv+625 pp. ISBN 3-540-64239-0
• Kaplansky, Irving (1970), Commutative rings, Boston, Mass.: Allyn and Bacon Inc., pp. x+180, MR0254021 
• Lam, T. Y. (1999), Lectures on modules and rings, Graduate Texts in Mathematics No. 189, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-98428-5 
• Lang, Serge (1997), Algebra (3rd ed.), Addison-Wesley, ISBN 978-0-201-55540-0 
• Matsumura, Hideyuki (1989), Commutative ring theory, Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, 8 (2 ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. xiv+320, ISBN 0-521-36764-6, MR(90i:13001) 1011461 (90i:13001)