Clavariadelphus ligula

Clavariadelphus ligula
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Phallales
Family:	Gomphaceae
Genus:	Clavariadelphus
Species:	C. ligula
Binomial name
Clavariadelphus ligula
Synonyms[1]
Clavaria ligula Schaeff. Clavaria ophioglossoides Batsch

Clavariadelphus ligula, commonly known as the strap coral, is an inedible species of fungi in the Gomphaceae family. It produces club-shaped fruit bodies with spongy flesh that grow in groups on the forest floor. It is found in Asia, Europe, and North America.

Taxonomy

The species was first described by the German naturalist Jacob Christian Schaeffer in 1774 as Clavaria ligula.^[2] It was first placed in Clavariadelphus by Marinus Anton Donk in 1933.^[3] Clavaria ophioglossoides, described by August Batsch in 1783,^[4] is considered a synonym.^[5]

The fungus is commonly known as the "strap coral".^[6] The specific epithet ligula is derived from the Latin word for "shoestring".^[7]

Description

Typical growth habit

The club portion of the fruit body is pale yellow, whitish sharp, straight, and stiff hairs at its base. The surface is dull, and does not have hairs. It is smooth at first then later becomes somewhat wrinkled. It is club-shaped to spoon-shaped, and up to 12 cm (4.7 in) tall by 2 cm (0.8 in) wide at the thickest part. The stipe is not distinct except for the hairs at the base. The flesh is whitish, and does not change color with bruising. It is somewhat spongy in the upper part, but firm below. The flesh has no odor, and its taste is slightly bitter. The surface tissue turns green upon the application of a solution of ferric sulphate, and yellow with a dilute solution of potassium hydroxide.^[8]

The spores are pale yellowish orange ("light buff") in print. Additional features may be discerned using light microscopy: they are smooth, narrowly ellipsoid, and measure 8–15 by 3–6 μm. The hyphae are monomitic, and clamp connections are present. Cystidia are absent.^[8]

Similar species

Clavariadelphus sachalinensis is macroscopically identical from C. ligula, and can be distinguished only by its larger spores, measuring 16–24 by 4–6 μm, and longer basidia.^[8] However, intermediate forms are often found, and they may represent the same species.^[9] Clavaria flavipes is another similar species, but in addition to being smaller and more pale yellow than Clavariadelphus ligula, it also has broader spores.^[10]

Habitat and distribution

The fruit bodies of Clavariadelphus ligula grow gregariously (closely scattered over small areas) on the ground, in forest duff. They are widespread and common in coniferous forests, fruiting in the summer and fall.^[8]

The species has been collected in the Czech Republic,^[11] in the Magadan region of the Russian Far East^[12] as well as the arctic zone of the Urals.^[13] It has also been collected in the conifer-dominated forests in Kashmir Valley in India.^[14] In North America, the distribution extends north to Canada.

References

1. ^ "Clavariadelphus ligula (Schaeff.) Donk". Species Fungorum. CAB International. http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=451037. Retrieved 2010-08-23. 
2. ^ Schaeffer JC. (1774) (in Latin). Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu Nascuntur Icones. 4. p. 116. 
3. ^ Donk MA. (1933). "Revisie van de Nederlandse Heterobasidiomyceteae (uitgez. Uredinales en Ustilaginales) en Homobasidiomyceteae-Aphyllophraceae: II" (in Dutch). Mededelingen van het botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht 9: 1–278. 
4. ^ Batsch AJGK. (1783) (in Latin). Elenchus fungorum [Discussion of Fungi]. p. 135. 
5. ^ "Clavaria ophioglossoides Batsch 1783". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=491172. Retrieved 2010-08-23. 
6. ^ Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. p. 633. ISBN 0-89815-169-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=L-4ajFDPlxgC&lpg=PA633&dq=Clavariadelphus%20ligula&pg=PA633#v=onepage&q=Clavariadelphus%20ligula&f=false. Retrieved 2010-09-03. 
7. ^ Schalkwijk-Barendsen HME. (1991). Mushrooms of Western Canada. Edmonton: Lone Pine Publishing. p. 361. ISBN 0-919433-47-2. 
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Tylukti EE. (1987). Mushrooms of Idaho and the Pacific Northwest Vol. 2 Non-gilled hymenomycetes. Moscow, Idaho: The University of Idaho Press. pp. 83–84. ISBN 0-89301-097-9. 
9. ^ Ammirati J, Trudell S. (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 239. ISBN 0-88192-935-2. 
10. ^ Petersen RH, Olexia PD. (1967). "Type studies in the clavarioid fungi. I. The taxa described by Charles Horton Peck". Mycologia 59 (5): 767–802. JSTOR 3757192. 
11. ^ Pilat A. (1959). "Rare species of Clavariaceae collected in Bohemia in 1958" (in Czech). CESKA MYKOL 13 (2): 73–85. 
12. ^ Govorova OK, Sazanova NA. (2000). "Clavarioid fungi of Magadan region" (in Russian). Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya 34 (5): 8–10. ISSN 0026-3648. 
13. ^ Shiryaev AG. (2006). "Clavarioid fungi of urals. III. Arctic zone" (in Russian). Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya 40 (4): 294–306. 
14. ^ Beig MA, Dar GH, Ganai NA, Khan NA. (2008). "Mycorrhizal biodiversity in Kashmir forests and some new records of macrofungi from J&K state". Applied Biological Research 10 (1/2): 26–30. 

External links

• Clavariadelphus ligula in Index Fungorum.