The Europeans

: "This page is about the book. For other entries on The Europeans, see The Europeans (disambiguation)."

Infobox Book |
name = The Europeans


image_caption = Cover of 1964 Penguin Modern Classics edition of "The Europeans"
author = Henry James
country = United Kingdom, United States
language = English
genre = Novel
publisher = Macmillan and Co., London
Houghton, Osgood and Company, Boston
release_date = Macmillan: 18-Sept-1878
Houghton: 12-Oct-1878
media_type = Print
pages = Macmillan: volume one, 255; volume two, 272
Houghton: 281, Penguin: 205
isbn = NA

The Europeans: A sketch is a short novel by Henry James, published in 1878. It is essentially a comedy contrasting the behaviour and attitudes of two visitors from Europe with those of their relatives living in the 'new' world of New England. The novel first appeared as a serial in "The Atlantic Monthly" for July-October, 1878. James made numerous minor revisions for the first book publication.

Plot introduction

The tale opens in Boston and New England in the middle of the 19th century, and describes the experiences of two European siblings shifting from the old to the new world. The two protagonists are Eugenia Munster and Felix Young, who were born in North America, but since their early childhood have lived in Europe; moving from France to Italy, and from Spain to Germany. In this last place, Eugenia entered into a Morganatic marriage with Prince Adolf of Silberstadt-Schreckenstein, the younger brother of the reigning prince who is now being urged by his family to dissolve the marriage for political reasons. Because of this, Eugenia and Felix decide to travel to America to meet their distant cousins, so that Eugenia may "seek her fortune" in the form of a wealthy American husband.

All the cousins live in the countryside around Boston and spend a lot of time together. The first encounter with them corresponds to the first visit of Felix to his family. Mr Wentworth’s family is a puritanical one, far from the Europeans habits. Felix is fascinated by the patriarchal Mr Wentworth, his son, Clifford, and two daughters, Gertrude and Charlotte. They spend a lot of time together with Mr. Robert Acton and his sister Lizzie, their neighbours.

Eugenia’s reaction after this first approach differs from Felix’s one. She is not really interested in sharing her time with this circle. She doesn’t like the Wentworth ladies and does not want to visit them frequently. In contrast, her brother is very happy to share his spare time with Charlotte and Gertrude, spending hours in their piazza or garden creating portraits of the two ladies.

Plot summary

Eugena and her brother Felix arrive in Boston. The next day Felix visits their cousins. He first meets Gertrude, who is shirking mass. He stays over for dinner. The next day Eugena visits them. Three days later their uncle Mr Wentworth suggests they stay in a little house close to theirs. Felix suggests making a portrait of his uncle; subsequent to his lack of enthusiasm, he shall do a painting of Gertrude instead. The latter walks into Mr Brand again and bursts out crying after hearing he still loves her. She then sits for Felix to do his painting of her, and he reproaches his American relatives for being very puritannical.

Eugena is talking and flirting with Robert Acton; she says she will divorce her husband. She visits Mrs Acton and says a white lie - that her son has been talking about her a lot - which comes across as a terrible faux-pas. Later, Mr Wentworth tells Felix that Clifford got suspended from Harvard owing to his drinking problem, and that he is improperly in love with Lizzie Acton - Felix suggests fixing him up with Eugena instead. Later still, Gertrude tells him her father wants her to marry Mr Brant, though she doesn't love him. Mr Brand then criticises Felix. Gertrude emotionally blackmails Charlotte into keeping him from talking to her, lest she tell him Charlotte likes him. Clifford then visits Eugena. Robert Acton goes to the Wentworths' but Eugena is not in their house; he goes into hers and asks her about the divorce note and going to see the Niagara Falls with him. Clifford comes out of his hiding place; the two men get back together.

Felix tells Eugena he wants to marry Gertrude; she admits to being unsure of Robert. Mr Brand then visits Felix, who tells him Charlotte likes him. Eugena gives her farewell to Mrs Acton as she prepares to move back to Europe. She walks into Robert, who says he loves her - she has sent the divorce letter; he will have to join her in Europe. Later, Felix asks Charlotte to tell her father he would be a good prospective husband for Gertrude. He then meets with his beloved again, and she says she would leave her family with him.

Three days later, Felix decides to visit his uncle and tell him he wants to marry Gertrude. The latter turns up and tells her father the same thing. Mr Brand asks for Mr Wentworth's consent to marry Charlotte - he agrees. Later, Felix and Gertrude have got engaged; Clifford has proposed to Lizzie Acton; Eugena, however, has repudiated Robert Acton, not actually signed the divorce note, and is travelling back to Europe. Years later, after his mother's funeral, Robert would find a 'nice young girl'...

Characters

*Baroness Eugena-Camilla-Dolores Munster.
*Felix Young, 28 years old, Eugena's brother. Felix is an artist. He does portraits and likes music and the theatre.
*The Reigning Prince, Eugena's husband in a morganatic marriage, whose family demands their divorce.
*Prince Adolf, of Silberstadt-Schreckenstein, the brother of the Reigning Prince.
*Mr Wentworth, Eugena and Felix's uncle. He went to Harvard.
*Gertrude Wentworth, 22 or 23 years old. Her father wants her to marry Mr Brand, but insteads she ends up marrying Felix.
*Charlotte Wentworth, Gertrude's sister. She ends up marrying Mr Brand.
*Clifford Wentworth, in his 20s. He got suspended from Harvard because of a drinking problem. He ends up marrying Lizzie.
*Mr Brand, a Unitarian minister. He helps Clifford remain abstemious. Mr Wentworth want him to marry Gertrude.
*Mr Gilman, the local priest.
*Mr Robert Acton, a young man who increased his fortune in China. He went to Harvard.
*Miss Lizzie Acton, Robert's sister. She ends marrying Clifford.
*Mrs Acton, their mother, an invalid. She is 55 years old when Eugena meets her.
*Augustine, Eugena's maid.
*Mrs Whiteside, Eugena and Felix's mother.
*Mr Adolphus Young, Eugena and Felix's father.
*Mr Broderip, a friend of Mr Wentworth's. He went to Harvard.

Allusions to other works

* The authors and works of fiction mentioned are: John Keats, The "Arabian Nights", the Bible (Queen of Sheba, Solomon), Madame de Stael, Madame Recamier, Charles Dickens's "The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby", Ralph Waldo Emerson.
* Mr Wentworth reads the North American Review and the Boston Daily Advertiser.
* The visual arts are alluded to with Raphael.

Allusions to actual history

*General George Washington and Empress Josephine are mentioned.

Major themes

One of the most important themes of the novel is the comparison between European and American women, which James stresses through the great difference existing between Eugenia and the Wentworth ladies. Madame Munster is independent, modern, and displays hauteur. Gertrude and Charlotte lack this self possession. For example, they tend to comply with their father's suggestions. When Mr. Wentworth tries to arrange a marriage between Mr. Brand and Gertrude to which she objects, it is not simple for her to express clearly her preference. They spend most of their free time with the family, until the moment in which Gertrude discovers herself to be in love with Felix. This relationship helps her to get in touch with the world, to take decisions alone, to become independent. She reacts against her father's decision regarding Mr. Brand, explaining that she will never marry a man she does not love. Gertrude will marry Felix and leave America. [cite book|last=Wagenknecht|first=Edward|title=The Novels of Henry James|year=1983|publisher=Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.|location=New York|isbn=0-8044-2959-6|pages=p.61|quote=She [Gertrude] does not "care for the great questions of life," at least in the sense in which they appeal to Mr. Brand...if she is to live at all, she must be herself, developing her own potentialities and realizing that not all questions are closed questions...]

The difference between Europeans and New Englanders manifests itself in particular in the expression of feelings and emotions, which are very sensitive for the former: love is more important than money. Moreover American people are more straitlaced and they have closer links with tradition. The most important thing in life for those living in the 'New World' is, ironically, respecting old traditions and accepting the rules of a good morality. Mr Wentworth is profoundly surprised and fascinated by Eugenia's marriage experience as well as Robert Acton's. In the American eyes, Eugenia really is a perplexing woman. [cite book|last=Tuttleton|first=James|title=A Companion to Henry James Studies|year=1993|editor=Daniel Mark Fogel|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=0-313-25792-2|pages=p.115|quote=And insofar as Eugenia may rectify what James believed to be active deficiencies in the culture of New England, she is a positive energy in the novel. She brings color, civility, charm and conscious art to a community that is plain, dull, and devoid of sophistication. But Eugenia is no ideal heroine. She fails to make her fortune in the New World because she is not above using devious means to realize her financial and matrimonial ambitions.]

Literary significance and criticism

The omniscient narrator uses a very fine and cultivated language, sometimes he prefers Latin diction; preferring to introduce very long, detailed descriptions of the setting and of the characters, from both a psychological and a physical point of view. In addition to the contributions of the narrator, dialogue helps the author to introduce his characters and to show their reactions to unfolding events. Critic Robert Gale credited James with a "specifically well-delineated New England" in the book, which he found "charming." [cite book|last=Gale|first=Robert|title=A Henry James Encyclopedia|year=1989|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=0-313-25846-5|pages=p.214]

F.R. Leavis, the influential English literary critic, had a high opinion of this brief work, claiming:

:"The Europeans, the visiting cousins, are there mainly to provide a foil for the American family, a study of the New England ethos being James's essential purpose.... Nevertheless James's irony is far from being unkind; he sees too much he admires in the ethos he criticizes to condemn it.... James is not condemning or endorsing either New England or Europe.... This small book, written so early in James's career, is a masterpiece of major quality." ["The Great Tradition" by F.R. Leavis (London: Chatto and Windus 1948)]

Others, most notably the author's brother William James, faulted the novel's "slightness." Henry James replied in a November 14, 1878 letter that he somewhat agreed with the criticism:

:"I was much depressed on reading your letter by your painful reflections on "The Europeans", but now, an hour having elapsed, I am beginning to hold up my head a little; the more so as I think I myself estimate the book very justly & am aware of its extreme slightness. I think you take these things too rigidly and unimaginatively--too much as if an artistic experiment were a piece of conduct, to which one's life were somehow committed; but I think you're quite right in pronouncing the book 'thin' & empty." ["The Correspondence of William James Vol.1: William and Henry 1861-1884" edited by Ignas Skrupskelis and Elizabeth Berkeley, p.308 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press 1994) ISBN 0-8139-1338-1]

James excluded the novel from the "New York Edition" of his fiction (1907-09). Among others speculating on the reasons for this exclusion, critic Oscar Cargill commented that "the intimate contemporary judgment and misfortune may have been a lingering decisive factor in James' mind." [cite book|last=Cargill|first=Oscar|title=The Novels of Henry James|year=1961|publisher=Macmillan Company|location=New York|pages=p.63]

It has also been suggested that Felix's rootless Bohemian origin, as well as his "eternal gaiety", were signifiers of his covert homosexuality. [Eric Haralson, "Henry James and Queer Modernity", Cambridge University Press, 2003, pages 50-51]

Film adaptation

The 1979 Merchant Ivory Productions film, "The Europeans" starred Lee Remick as Eugenia and received six award nominations. [imdb title|0079123] The movie received a number of lukewarm reviews as a somewhat over-literary adaptation. Critic Chris Elliot noted the movie's "opaque refinements and elusive intentions, a predilection for intricacies of language and manners." Roger Ebert similarly demurred that the movie was "a classroom version of James, a film with no juice or life of its own." [cite web|url=http://movies.toptenreviews.com/reviews/mr100867.htm|title=The Europeans (1979)|publisher=Top Ten Reviews|accessdate=2007-06-25]

References

External links

* [http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?ammem/coll=moa&root=/moa/atla/atla0042/&tif=00058.TIF&view=50&frames=1 Original magazine text of "The Europeans" (1878)]
* [http://www2.newpaltz.edu/~hathawar/european.html First American book version of "The Europeans" (1878)]
* [http://www.loa.org/volume.jsp?RequestID=56&section=notes Note on the various versions of "The Europeans"] at the Library of America web site