Timeline of the Samnite Wars

The military campaigns of the Samnite Wars were an important stage in Roman expansion in the Italian Peninsula.

Background

The Samnites were a group of hill-tribes occupying the central Apennines. In the mid-fourth century they began to expand into the territories of their neighbors, especially in Campania and the Liris valley. At first, they had enemies in common with Rome in the Celts and Volsci, and this commonality of purpose led to the formation of a peace treaty with Rome in 354.^[1] Once these threats were removed, Samnium expansion brought them into conflict with Rome's growing influence in central Italy.

First Samnite War (343-341 BC)

Event	Details	Ancient sources
343 BC - Battle of Mount Gaurus	The Roman consul M. Valerius Corvus routed the Samnites near Mount Gaurus in Campania	Livy 7.32-33, 37-38; Dionys. Hal. 15.3; Appian, Samn. 1; Auct. Vir. Ill. 26
	Scientific literature: E.T. Salmon (1967). Samnium and the Samnites. Cambridge U.P.. pp. 196, 198–201.
343 BC - Battle of Saticula	The Roman consul A. Cornelius Cossus Arvina was ambushed by the Samnites near the Samnite stronghold of Saticula, but was extricated from a dangerous situation by P. Decius Mus	Livy 7.33, 34-37, 38; Frontinus, Strategemata 1.5.14; 4.5.9; Auct. Vir. Ill. 26
	Scientific literature: E.T. Salmon (1967). Samnium and the Samnites. Cambridge U.P.. pp. 196.
343 BC - Battle of Suessula	The Roman consul M. Valerius Corvus defeated the Samnites near Suessula	Livy 7.32-33, 37-38; Dionys. Hal. 15.3; Appian, Samn. 1; Auct. Vir. Ill. 26
	Scientific literature: E.T. Salmon (1967). Samnium and the Samnites. Cambridge U.P.. pp. 196.
342 BC	The Romans were occupied with other matters, and there are no reports of fighting in this year	Livy 7.38-39; Dion. Hal. 15.3; App. Samn. 1
	Scientific literature: E.T. Salmon (1967). Samnium and the Samnites. Cambridge U.P.. pp. 000–000.
341 BC - peace treaty	The Romans renewed their attack, and the consul L. Aemilius Mamercinus invaded Samnium. The Samnites sent envoys to Rome to negotiate, and the peace treaty of 354 was renewed.	Livy 8.1-2
	Scientific literature: E.T. Salmon (1967). Samnium and the Samnites. Cambridge U.P.. pp. 000–000.

Second Samnite War (326-304 BC)

The Second Samnite War broke out in 326 B.C. over

Event	Details	Ancient sources
Foundation of Fregellae (328 BC)	The Romans founded the colony of Fregellae	refs
	Scientific literature: E.T. Salmon (1967). Samnium and the Samnites. Cambridge U.P.. pp. 217–8.
Battle of the Caudine Forks (321 BC)	A Roman army under the command of T. Veturius Calvinus was trapped by the Samnite general Gaius Pontius at the Caudine Forks, a pass in the Apennines between Calatia and Caudium, and forced to sue for peace.	Livy 9.1-7; Cic. Off. 3. 109; Cic. Sen. 41; Dion. Hal. 16.1.1-7; Valerius Maximus 5.1 ext. 5, 7.2. ext. 17; Gell. 17.21.36; Flor. 1.11.10; App. Samn. 2-7; Dio fr. 36.10; Oros. 3.15.1-6; Claud. Quad. fr. 18 (Peter)
	Scientific literature: E.T. Salmon (1967). Samnium and the Samnites. Cambridge U.P.. pp. 223–33.
Battle of Lautulae (315 BC)	Q. Aulius Cerretanus, the Roman Master of Horse, was defeated and killed by the Samnites at Lautulae, a narrow pass near Tarracina	Liv. 9.22-25; Diod. 19.72.6-7; Fasti Capitolini (Degrassi) 36f., 109f., 418f.
	Scientific literature: E.T. Salmon (1967). Samnium and the Samnites. Cambridge U.P.. pp. 000–000.

See also

List of Roman battles

Sources

• T.R.S. Broughton (1950-1, 1986), Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Case Western Reserve U.P. 
• T.J. Cornell (1995), The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to thee Punic Wars, Routledge 
• E.T. Salmon (1967), Samnium and the Samnites, Cambridge U.P. 

References

1. ^ Livy 7.19.4; Diod. 16.45.8; Salmon 1967, 191.

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