Broadside (music)

Printed lyrics of popular songs were extremely popular from the 16th century until the early 20th century. They were commonly known as broadsides or broadsheets. Over time, the name came to refer to any printed matter confined to one side of a single sheet of paper, such as handbills, advertisements, posters, etc.

Broadsides were generally printed on one side of a piece of paper and included only the lyrics. Printed music usually wasn't included but sometimes the name of a popular tune would appear below the title. Since folk tunes were used and reused, people generally only needed to learn the words. Music was not included because a monopoly on music publishing had been granted by Queen Elizabeth to two court musicians.

Broadsides were written by hand before the invention of the printing press, and only grew extremely popular after they could be cheaply reproduced. Broadside ballads were sold by travelling chapmen and peddlers, at shops and stalls at markets, and were pasted on walls or other locations before being learned; after the words had been committed to memory, the broadside was replaced or pasted by another. Thomas Holcroft writes: "even the walls of cottages and little alehouses would do something, for many of them had old English ballads, such as Death and the Lady, and Margaret's Ghost, with lamentable tragedies, or King Charles golden rules occasionally pasted on them" (quoted in Shepherd: "History of Street Literature" [http://www.jrc.sophia.ac.jp/kiyou/ki22/mjoy.pdf Writings of John Clare] )

One of the first known broadsides was "A Lytel Geste of Robyne Hood", printed in 1506. Their popularity grew quickly—one merchant sold 190 ballads in 1520, a remarkable sum, which may be evidence of relatively high levels of literacy at the time. After 1556, printers were required to register with the Stationers' Company in London, and had to pay four pence to register each ballad beginning in 1557 and continuing to 1709. As well as being popular in the UK, they became popular in western Europe and the United States.

Broadsides were often folded into pamphlets called chapbooks. The collection of songs and ballads in chapbooks were known as "garlands".

Early in the 17th century broadsides were printed in blackletter, but over the course of the century printers moved to using whiteletter typefaces making the words easier to read for modern readers. The considerable collection of broadsides that was part of Samuel Pepys' estate were collected primarily to preserve examples of the blackletter style at the time it was rapidly growing archaic. "Blackletter" typeface (i.e. gothic) was rarely used after 1680 (see [http://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=338&pageNumber=4 Broadside Ballads] ).

Although broadsides enjoyed a brief resurgence of popularity in the late 19th century, this proved shortlived. By the beginning of the 20th century, broadsides were declining in popularity due to the influx of newspapers, and the tradition soon died out.

It is not uncommon in the 21st century, however, to find broadsides published at local cultural events, in particular poetry readings or art show openings. In this case the broadsides commemorate the event with samples of the art in question.

Further reading

*"Broadside Ballads:Songs from the Streets, Taverns, Theatres and Countryside of 17th Century England (incl songs, orig melodies, and chord suggestions)" by Lucie Skeaping (2005), Faber Music Ltd. ISBN 0-571-52223-8 (Information and samples of more than 80 broadside ballads and their music)

*"The British Broadside Ballad and Its Music" by Claude M. Simpson (1966), Rutgers University Press. Out of Print. No ISBN. (540 broadside ballad melodies from all periods)

See also

*popular prints
*Broadside Electric, a folk-rock band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
* [http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/ballads/ballads.htm Bodleian Library of Broadside Ballads]
* [http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=730 'Broadside Ballads of 17th Century England'] , talk with performances by Lucie Skeaping, given at Gresham College, 29 May 2008 (available in text, audio and video formats).