- Chinese Indonesian surname
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A large number of ethnic Chinese people have lived in Indonesia for many centuries. Over time, especially under social and political pressure during the New Order era, most Chinese Indonesians have adopted names that better match the local language.[1][2]
Contents
Colonial era to 1965
During the Dutch colonial era until the Japanese invasion in 1942, the Dutch administration recorded Chinese names in birth certificates and other legal documents using an adopted spelling convention that was based primarily on Hokkien (Min), the language of the majority of Chinese immigrants in the Dutch East Indies. The administrators used the closest Dutch pronunciation and spelling of Hokkien words to record the names. A similar thing happens in Malaya, where the British administrators record the names using English spelling. Compare Lim (English) vs. Liem (Dutch), Wee or Ooi (English) vs. Oei or Oey (Dutch), Goh (English) vs. Go (Dutch), Chan (English) vs. Tjan (Dutch), Lee (English) vs. Lie (Dutch), Leung or Leong (English) vs Liong (Dutch).[1]
Hence, Lin (林, Mandarin) is spelled Liem in Indonesia. Chen (陳) is Tan, Huang (黃) is Oei or Oey, Wu (吳) is Go, Guo (郭) is Kwee , Yang (楊) is Njoo. And so on. Further, as Hokkien romanization standard did not exist then, some romanized names varied slightly. For example, 郭 (Guo) could sometimes be Kwik, Que, Kwek instead of Kwee, and Huang is often Oei instead of Oey.
The spelling convention survived well into Indonesian independence (1945) and sovereignty acknowledgment by the Dutch government (1949). It is even still used today by the Chinese-Indonesian diaspora in Europe and America, by those Chinese-Indonesians courageous or famous enough during Suharto's regime to keep their Chinese names (e.g., Kwik Kian Gie, Liem Swie King), or by those too poor to bribe Indonesia's civil court bureaucracy.
The Indonesian government changed the Latin spelling twice, first in 1947 (Ejaan Suwandi), and again in 1972 (Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan, literally "Perfected Spelling"). According to the Suwandi system of spelling, "oe" became "u", so Loe is often spelt Lu. Since 1972, Dutch-style "j" became "y", meaning Njoo is now spelt Nyoo.
1965 to 2000
After Suharto came to power, his regime created many anti-Chinese legislations in Indonesia. One of them was 127/U/Kep/12/1966 which mandated that ethnic Chinese living in Indonesia adopt Indonesian-sounding names instead of the standard three-word or two-word Chinese names. The Chinese Indonesian community was politically powerless to oppose this law. The Suharto regime wrongly but intentionally cast the ethnic Chinese as supporters of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI),[citation needed] which he brutally defeated in a power struggle to succeed Sukarno's government in 1965-1970. By doing so, the Suharto regime - a coalition of the Golkar bureaucrats and the armed forces - extracted unofficial taxes from wealthy Chinese businesspeople in exchange for protection from occasional but deadly pogroms, such as the Jakarta Riots of May 1998.[citation needed]
Some Chinese Indonesians adopt western names as first names, such as Jonny or Albert, and Javanese or Sundanese names for the family names. The adopted Javanese names were often based on their phonetics, but it was not always the case. Although two Chinese individuals shared the same Chinese surname, they may adopt different Indonesian-sounding names. For example, one with the surname 林 (Lin) may adopt "Limanto", and the other may adopt "Halim" as Indonesian-sounding names. "Limanto" and "Halim" both contain "lim" that corresponds to the 林 surname (Mandarin: Lin, Hokkien: Liem or Lim = forest). Some translated their names. For example, the famous 1966 political activist and businessman Liem Bian Koen translated Lin to old Javanese "wana", meaning forest, and added the male-suffix "ndi", resulting in the new clan name Wanandi.[2]
The Indonesianized names - basically Hokkien syllables with western or Indonesian prefix or suffix - resulted in so many exotic sounding names, that people can tell accurately whether a person is an Indonesian Chinese based only on his/her name.[1][2]
2000 to today
After Soeharto resigned as president, the ethnic Chinese in Indonesia are again allowed to use their original names. Most no longer cared and kept their Indonesian names. Some reverted to Chinese names. Some decide to re-adopt the original Hokkien names of their grandparents or to use the more standard pinyin romanization, pronunciation and spelling.
Examples of Chinese names and their Indonesian versions
Chinese surname Hokkien, Teochew Other South Chinese dialects (e.g. Hakka, Cantonese) Example of Adopted Indonesian-sounding Names 陳 (Chen) Tan Tjhin Tandubuana, Tanardo, Tanto, Hertanto, Hartanto, Tanoto, Tanu, Tanutama, Soetanto, Cendana, Tanudisastro, Tandiono, Tanujaya, Santoso, Tanzil, Tanasal, Tanadi, Tanusudibyo, Tanamal, Tanamas, Taniwan, Tanuwidjaja, Tanuseputro, Tanumihardja, Tanaya, Tanjaya, Tandika, Tanandar, Hartanoeh, Tanesia, Tjandra, Perwata, Yunatan or other names started with prefix Tanu- 鄧 (Deng) Teng Tenggara, Tengger, Ateng 馮 (Feng) Pang Pangestu; 郭 (Guo) Kwee, Kwik Kusumawijaya; 韓 (Han) Han Handjojo, Handaya, Handoko, Suhandi, Handoyo 洪 (Hong) Ang Anggawarsito, Anggakusuma, Angela, Angkiat, Anggoro, Anggodo, Angkasa, Anggraini, Andyanto, Angryanto 黃 (Huang) Oei, Oey, Ng, Wie Bong, Wong Darwis, Wienathan, Wibowo, Wijaya, Winata, Widodo, Winoto, Willy, Wiryo, Wirya, Wiraatmadja, Winarto, Witoelar, Winardi, Wibisono, Wiryono, Wiranata, Wiyono, Wijono, Ngadiman 江 (Jiang) Kang Kong Kangean 賴/赖 (Lai) Lai, Lay Laya 李 (Li) Li, Lie, Lee Li, Lie, Lee Lijanto, Liman, Leman, Liedarto, Rusli, Lika, Aliwarga, Nauli, Romuli, Ramli 梁 (Liang) Nio Neonardi, Antonio, Leung, Liong 林 (Lin) Liem, Lim Liem, Lim Halim, Halimkusuma, Wono, Limanto, Limantoro, Limijanto, Limarta, Taslim, Wanandi, Liemena, Alim, Limawan, Linus, Ruslim, Mursalim, Linanto, Talim, Talin, Nursalim, Salim 劉 (Liu) Lau, Lauw Liu Mulawarman, Lawang, Lauwita, Leo, Lawardi, Pahlawan, Lawrence 陸 (Lu) Liok, Liuk Loekito, Loekman 呂 (Lü) Loe, Lu Loekito, Luna, Lukas, Lunardy 司徒 (Situ) Sieto Szeto, Seto, Siehu, Suhu Lutansieto, Suhuyanli, Suhuyanly 沈 (Shen) Boedihardjo 蘇 (Su) Souw, So, Soe, Su Suwandi, Soekotjo, Soehadi, Sosro, Solihin, Soeganda, Solikin, Soegihartanto 王 (Wang) Ong Wong Onggo, Ongko, Wangsadinata, Wangsa, Radja, Wongsojoyo, Ongkowijoyo, Onggano 溫 (Wen) Oen Boen, Woen Benyamin, Bunyamin, Budiman, Gunawan, Basirun, Bunda, Wendi, Unang, Buntaran, Budiono 吳, 伍, 仵 (Wu) Go, Gouw, Goh Ng Bagus, Bagoes, Prayogo, Gondo, Sugondo, Gozali, Wurianto, Gunawan, Gotama, Utama, Widargo, Sumargo, Gunardi, Gunadi 武, (Wu) 烏, 鄔 (Wu) 許, 古, 丘, 邱 (Xu, Gu, Qiu) Kho, Khouw, Khoe Komar, Kurnia, Kurniawan, Kusnadi, Kusuma, Kumala, Komarudin, Kosasih, Khoosasi, Kowara 謝 (Xie) Cia/Tjia Ciawi, Syariel, Tjhia, Sieto, Sinar, Sindoro, Tjahjadi 楊 (Yang) Njoo, Nyoo, Jo Yong Muljoto, Inyo, Yongki, Yoso, Yohan, Yorensin, Nyoto, Sutaryo 葉 (Ye) Yap/Jap Yapardi, Yapip 曾 (Zeng) Tjan Tjandra, Chandra, Chandrawinata, Candrakusuma, Tjandrakusuma, Tjandrawinata, Candrasaputra 張 (Zhang) Thio, Tio, Theo, Teo Chang, Tjong Canggih, Chandra, Setyo, Setio, Susetyo, Sulistio, Susantyo, Kartio, Setiadi, Prasetyo/Prasetya, Sutiono, Setiawan 鄭 (Zheng) Te, The Suteja, Teja, Teddy, Tedjokumoro, Tejarukmana, Tedjamulia 周 (Zhou) "Chiau", "Chau", "Chew", "Chow", "Chou", "Chu", "Jhou", "Joe", "Jou", "Jue", or "Jow" Juanda, Juano, Juanita 曹 (Cao) Tjo Cokro, Vonco Chinese Indonesian family system
(in Hokkien)
# Name English equivalent 1 Akong / Akung Grandfather 2 Ama / Popo Grandmother 3 Apek Father's older brother 4 Acek Father's younger brother 5 Ako Father's younger/older sister 6 Aku / Kiu Mother's older/younger brother 7 Ieie Mother's sister 8 Papa Father 9 Mama Mother 10 Koko Older brother 11 Cici Older sister 12 Dede Younger brother or sister See also
- Chinese Indonesian
- List of common Chinese surnames
- Anti-Chinese legislation in Indonesia
References
- ^ a b c Budaya, Tradisi & Sejarah Tionghoa, http://www.tionghoa.com
- ^ a b c d Sutanto, Irzanti (2004-08-09 12:01:43), Ganti Nama di Kalangan Keturunan Tionghoa, Peraturan dan Kebebasan, archived from the original on 2008-01-30, http://web.archive.org/web/20080130133021/http://www.fib.ui.ac.id/index1.php?id=view_news&ct_news=75, retrieved 2009-01-29
Categories:- Articles to be expanded with sources
- Indonesian names
- Chinese-language surnames
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