South African farm attacks

The South African farming community has suffered from attacks for many years.cite paper | author=Criminal Justice Monitor | title=Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks | date=2003-07-31 | url=http://www.issafrica.org/CJM/farmrep/index.htm | accessdate=2006-10-11] The vast majority of the victims have been white farmers, with claims of death tolls of up to 1,700 (July 2005) cited in the media. [cite news | author=Brian Moynahan | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2099-2100080,00.html | title=Farms of fear | publisher=The Sunday Times Magazine | date=2006-04-02 | accessdate=2006-04-04] [cite news | author=Roger Graef | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/07/03/wsafr03.xml | title=Murders foreshadow South African land war | publisher=The Daily Telegraph | date=2005-07-03 | accessdate=2005-12-31] The age of those killed range from as old as 87 years to young infants. Genocide Watch has stated that these attacks constitute early warning signs of genocide against "Boers" and has criticised the South African government for its inaction on the issue, pointing out that the murder rate for them ("ethno-European farmers" in their report) is four times that of the general South African population. [cite web | url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/BoersSlain01.htm | title=Over 1000 Boer Farmers In South Africa Have Been Murdered Since 1991 | publisher=Genocide Watch | accessdate=2005-12-31] [cite web | url=http://www.carteblanche.co.za/Display/Display.asp?Id=2265 | title=A Bloody Harvest | publisher=Carte Blanche | accessdate=2007-04-20] Human Rights Watch, however, states that the term "farm attacks" ("plaasmoorde" in Afrikaans, "farm murders") is misleading, as it suggests the presence of an organised campaign, rather than simply increased crime rates, and has criticised the South African government for giving the issue too much attention at the expense of the rights of other South Africans, such as farm labourers.cite book | author=Bronwen Manby | title=Unequal Protection - The State Response to Violent Crime on South African Farms | publisher=Human Rights Watch | month=August | year=2001 | url=http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/safrica2/ | accessdate=2006-10-28 | id=ISBN 1-56432-263-7]

Terminology and definition

South African statutory law does not define a "farm attack" as a specific crime. Rather, the term is used to refer to a number of different crimes committed against persons specifically on commercial farms or smallholdings.

According to the South African Police Service National Operational Co-ordinating Committee:

"Attacks on farms and smallholdings refer to acts aimed at the person of residents, workers and visitors to farms and smallholdings, whether with the intent to murder, rape, rob or inflict bodily harm. In addition, all actions aimed at disrupting farming activities as a commercial concern, whether for motives related to ideology, labour disputes, land issues, revenge, grievances, racist concerns or intimidation, should be included."

This definition excludes "social fabric crimes", that is those crimes committed by members of the farming community on one another, such as domestic or workplace violence, and focuses on outsiders entering the farms to commit specific criminal acts. The safety and security MEC for Mpumalanga, Dina Pule, has disagreed with this definition and has stated that a farm attack is "when the sole motive is to take the life of the person who resides on the farm and nothing else." [cite news | author=Nkosana ka Makaula | url=http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_2005223,00.html | title=Farm attack is 'only if fatal' | publisher=News24 | date=2006-09-28 | accessdate=2006-10-09] Human Rights Watch has criticised the use of the term "farm attacks", as they suggest this is "reinforcing, through the use of the word "attack", the idea that there is a military or terrorist basis for the crimes, rather than a criminal one."

Committee of Inquiry

A Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks was appointed in 2001 by the National Commissioner of Police. The purpose of the committee was to "inquire into the ongoing spate of attacks on farms, which include violent criminal acts such as murder, robbery, rape, etc, to determine the motives and factors behind these attacks and to make recommendations on their findings." The Committee used the definition for farm attacks as that supplied by the SAPS. The findings were published on 31 July, 2003, and the main conclusions of the report were that:
* Perpetrators tended to be young, unemployed black men overwhelmingly from dysfunctional family backgrounds
* Only a small proportion of attacks involve murder
* Theft was committed in almost all cases - in cases where no theft appeared to take place, it was usually because the attackers were disturbed
* White people were not targeted exclusively - in 2001 61% of farm attack victims were white

The Transvaal Agricultural Union (TAU) questioned a number of the report's findings, claiming that theft and desire for land did not adequately explain some of the attacks.cite news | url=http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1421369,00.html | title=TAU welcomes farm report, but... | publisher=News24 | date=2003-09-25 | accessdate=2005-12-31]

Criticism

The South African government has been criticised both for not doing more to prevent farm attacks, and for giving the issue a disproportionate amount of attention:

*Gideon Meiring, chairperson of the TAU's safety and security committee, criticised the South African Police Service for failing to prevent farm attacks, stating that the police "are not part of the solution but part of the bloody problem". [cite news | author=Sheena Adams | title= Farmer armies in the killing fields | publisher=Saturday Star | date=2006-09-23 | url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=15&art_id=vn20060923084851300C598779 | accessdate=2006-10-27] Meiring has assisted farming communities in setting up private armed patrols in their area.

* Kallie Kriel of AfriForum blamed politicians including Agriculture Minister Lulu Xingwana and her deputy, Dirk du Toit, of inciting hatred against farmers, saying "Those who inflame hate and aggression towards farmers have to be regarded as accomplices to the murders of farmers." In particular Kriel condemned claims that violence against farm workers by farmers was endemic. Kriel also highlighted a court case at which ANC MP Patrick Chauke publicly blamed the white community for murders and at which ANC demonstrators displayed slogans such as "One settler, one bullet!", "Kill the Boer, kill the farmer!" and "Maak dood die wit man" (Kill the white man). Simple theft could not be used to explain the full motive of the attacks as it was not necessary to torture or murder victims in order to rob them. [cite news | author=Gcina Ntsaluba | title= Anti-farmer hate speech slated | publisher=news24.com | date=2008-04-29 | url=http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,9909,2-7-1442_2314200,00.html | accessdate=2008-06-04]

*Human Rights Watch criticised the government for placing too much emphasis on protecting farmers, at the expense of protecting farm workers from abuse by farm owners. They suggest that "farm attacks" are given a disproportionately high media and political focus. "Murders on farms (of owners, or of workers by owners) are given an individual attention that many other killings are not."
* In February 2003, President Thabo Mbeki announced the disbanding of the commando system over six years, to be replaced by 'specialised police units'. The Democratic Alliance has stated that this action is a 'total disaster' [cite news | author=Anthony Benadie | title=Rural Security Crisis: Commando's SAPS Reservist integration process a disaster! | publisher=Democratic Alliance | date=2007-11-12 | url=http://www.agri-matters.org.za/eng/news_details.asp?NewsId=8387 |accessdate=2007-11-29]

References