Skule Bårdsson

Seal of Skule Baardsson
from 1225, front and back

Skule Baardsson or Duke Skule (Old Norse: Skúli Bárðarson) (c. 1189 – 24 May 1240) was a Norwegian nobleman and claimant to the royal throne against his son-in-law, King Haakon Haakonsson. Henrik Ibsen's play Kongs-Emnerne (1863) is about the dispute between Duke Skule and King Haakon.^[1]

Biography

Skule Baardsson was born around 1189. As a son of Baard Guttormsson, he belonged to the Norwegian nobility and was a half-brother of King Inge Baardsson who in his last years elevated Skule to be an earl (jarl). After King Inge's death in 1217, Haakon was chosen king at the age of 13, against the candidacy of Skule Bårdsson. However, Skule held much of the real power under a form of power sharing between Skule and Haakon. Skule's center of power was mostly in Nidaros. In order to facilitate a compromise between these two rivals, Skule's elder daughter Margrete Skulesdotter was married to King Haakon in 1225.^[2]

Skule thought he had too little of the power and intermittently participated in opposition against King Haakon. In 1237, as another attempt of compromise, Skule was given the first Norwegian title of duke (hertug). Later, Skule restarted his rebellion against King Haakon. Among others, the Icelander writer Snorre Sturlason allied with Skule in the conflict. The rebellion led to the death of Snorri Sturluson.

Skule allowed his supporters to proclaim him king of Norway at the traditional Thing (Øyrating) in Trøndelag during 1239. Skule also tried, unsuccessfully, to win his other son-in-law, jarl Knut Haakonsson, to his side. He raised a military host against King Haakon and won a battle at Låka in Nannestad, but lost in Oslo. His party was called the Vårbelgs, a reference to spring pelts of bad quality fur for poor people. In May 1240, Skule was defeated by King Haakon and his supporters. He sought refuge in Elgeseter Priory in Nidaros but Haakon's men burned down the monastery and killed Skule. With Skule’s death, the civil war era came to an end.^[3]

Historical context

Skule's rivalry for kingship was the last phase of the civil wars period of Norwegian history, which lasted from around 1130 to 1240. During that long warring period there were several interlocked conflicts of varying scale and intensity. Norway was accustomed to royal sons fighting each other in order to wrest kingship to himself. The background for these conflicts were the unclear Norwegian succession laws, social conditions and the struggle between Church and King. There were then two main parties, firstly known by varying names or no names at all, but finally condensed into parties of Bagler and Birkebeiner.

Ancestry

Ancestors of Skule Bårdsson

16. Skuli Tostisson Kongsfostre

8. Åsulv Skulesson

17. Gudrun Nevsteinsdotter

4. Guttorm Åsulvsson

18. Skofte Ogmundsson

9. Tora Skoftesdotter

19. Gudrun Tordsdotter

2. Bård Guttormsson

10. Torkjell på Fugl

5. Sigrid Torkjellsdotter

22. Svein Brynjulfsson på Aurland

11. Hallkatla Sveinsdotter

23. Ingerid of Denmark

1. Skule Bårdsson

6. Erling from Kviden

3. Ragnfrid Erlingsdotter

7. Skårvangsola

Sources

The main sources of Sigurd's biography is a poem in Hryggjarstykki. This was incorporated into Morkinskinna and was used by Snorri Sturlasson when he wrote about Sigurd Slembe in Heimskringla. Another important source is Orkneyinga saga.

References

1. ^ Henrik Ibsen's Prose Dramas Vol III (The Walter Scott Company, London. 1890)
2. ^ Skule Bårdsson – utdypning (Store norske leksikon)
3. ^ Håkon Håkonsson 1217-1263 (University of Oslo)

Other sources

• Skuli of Norway (c1189-1240) on Familypedia
• Finlay, Alison editor and translator Fagrskinna, a Catalogue of the Kings of Norway (Brill Academic. 2004)
• Gjerset, Knut History of the Norwegian People (The MacMillan Company, Volume I, 1915)
• Helle, Knut Under kirke og kongemakt, 1130-1350 (Aschehougs Norges historie, Oslo: 1995)
• Holmsen, Andreas Norges historie, fra de eldste tider til 1660 (Oslo: 1961)
• Røsoch, Henry Trondheim's History (Trondheim: F. Bruns Bokhandel. 1939)

Persondata
Name	Skule Bardsson
Alternative names
Short description	Norwegian nobleman and claimant to the royal throne
Date of birth	1189
Place of birth
Date of death	1240
Place of death