Alexander Parvus

Alexander Parvus ( _ru. Александр Парвус) (OldStyleDate|September 8|1867|August 27 in Berezin, Russian Empire (now in Belarus)– December 12, 1924 in Berlin) was a Russian revolutionary (Menshevik) and a German Social Democrat, as well as a German intelligence agent - two partly contradictory and partly complementary roles in the circumstances of the time.cite web
last =
first =
title = "Alexander Israel Helphand"
work =
publisher = "Encyclopædia Britannica"
date =
url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039931/Alexander-Israel-Helphand
accessdate = 2006-12-17 ] de iconHeresch, Elisabeth "Geheimakte Parvus. Die gekaufte Revolution." Langen/Müller. 2000 ISBN 3-7844-2753-7]

Early life

Parvus was born Israel Lazarevich Gelfand (Russian: Израиль Лазаревич Гельфанд; his last name in English is sometimes rendered Gelfant, Helfant or Helphand) in Belarus shtetl Berezino, the son of Jewish parents. He was raised in Odessa (today's Ukraine), where he began associating with the Jewish revolutionary (The Bund) circles.de iconScharlau, Winfried and Zeman, Zbynek A. " [http://www.amazon.de/dp/B0000BN7WQ Freibeuter der Revolution. Parvus-Helphand. Eine politische Biographie (Gebundene Ausgabe)] " Cologne 1964 ASIN B0000BN7WQ (The most important biography of the German-Russian-Turkish Social Democrat and Revolutionary Parvus) See also English edition Zbynek Zeman, W.B. Scharlau "Merchant of Revolution: Alexander Helphand, 1867-1924" Oxford University Press 318 pages 1965 ISBN 0192111620 ISBN 978-0192111623 ]

Revolutionary

At age nineteen he left for Zürich, where he continued his studies, becoming a doctor of philosophy in 1891. By this time he openly became a Marxist. He moved to Germany, joined the Social Democratic Party and befriended German revolutionary Rosa Luxemburg. In 1900, he met Vladimir Lenin for the first time, in Munich, each admiring the other's theoretical works. Parvus encouraged Lenin to begin publishing his revolutionary paper "Iskra".ru icon cite web
last =
first =
title = "Александр Парвус (Израиль Гельфанд)"
work = (the best Russian language reference)
publisher = ХРОНОС
date =
url = http://hronos.km.ru/biograf/parvus.html
accessdate = 2006-12-17 ]

Parvus' attempts to become a German citizen proved fruitless. He once commented in a letter to his German friend Wilhelm Liebknecht that "I am seeking a government where one can inexpensively acquire a fatherland." Consequently for many years he attempted to immigrate to the United States.Fact|date=February 2007 His socialist revolutionary compatriots were already busy establishing a network of mostly Jewish revolutionaries in the United States,Fact|date=June 2008 including Leon Trotsky who briefly moved to New York City.

However, German counter-intelligence had penetrated part of the socialist revolutionary network and upon reading his writing in the socialist press during the Russo-Japanese War, found Parvus had predicted that Russia would lose the war, resulting in unrest and revolution. When this proved to be the case, Parvus' prestige among his socialist and other German comrades increased. Thus, German intelligence soon estimated he would be useful in efforts against the Russian Empire.

During this time he developed the concept of using a foreign war to provoke an internal revolt within a country. It was at this time that Parvus revived, from Marx, the concept-strategy of "permanent revolution" (See the linked Wikipedia article). He communicated this philosophy to Trotsky who then further expanded and developed it. Through Trotsky, the method was eventually adopted by Lenin and the Bolsheviks in Lenin's April Theses in 1917.

Russian Revolution of 1905

In 1905, Parvus arrived in St. Petersburg with false Austro-Hungarian papers. In December, Parvus authored a provocative article on behalf of the St. Petersburg Soviet, "The Financial Manifesto", which described the Russian economy as being on the verge of collapse. In turn the article was dispatched to other communist agents in the more mainline newspapers who published it as well. In combination with this propaganda, Parvus coordinated an agitation of locals to feign a run on the banks. As the news of the article and the subsequent "rush" was spread, the consequent hysteria managed to upset the economy and enrage prime minister Sergei Witte, but did not cause a financial collapse.

In connection with this provocation and Parvus' involvement in the organization of anti-government actions during the 1905 revolution, Parvus (together with other revolutionaries such as Leon Trotsky) was arrested by the Russian police. While in prison he became close with other revolutionaries, and was visited by Rosa Luxemburg.Fact|date=June 2008 Sentenced to three years exile in Siberia, Parvus escaped and ran away to Germany. There he published a book about his experiences called "In the Russian Bastile during the Revolution".

The Maxim Gorky affair

While in Germany, Parvus struck a deal with Russian author Maxim Gorky to produce his play "The Lower Depths". According to the agreement, the majority of the play's proceeds were to go to the Russian Social Democratic Party (and approximately 25% to Gorky himself). Parvus' failure to pay (despite the fact that the play had over 500 showings) caused him to be accused of stealing 130,000 German gold marks. Gorky threatened to sue, but Rosa Luxemburg convinced Gorky to keep the quarrel inside the party's own court. Eventually, Parvus paid back Gorky, but his reputation in party circles was scathed.

Istanbul period

Soon afterwards Parvus moved to Istanbul in Turkey, where he lived for five years.cite web
last = Karaömerlioglu
first = Asim
title = "Helphand-Parvus and his impact on Turkish intellectual life".
work = Vol. 40, No. 6, pages 145-165
publisher = "Middle Eastern Studies"
month = November | year = 2004
url = http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=0026-3206&volume=40&issue=6&spage=145
accessdate = 2006-12-17 ] There he set up an arms trading company which profited handsomely during the Balkan War. He became the financial and political advisor of the Young Turks. His firm dealt with the deliveries of foodstuffs for the Turkish army and he was business partner of Krupp concern and Vickers Limited of famous arms dealer Basil Zaharov.ru icon cite web
last = Галковский
first = Дмитрий
title = "Березовский – между Азефом и Парвусом (Berezovsky - between Azef and Parvus)"
work =
publisher = Деловая газета «Взгляд»
date = June 22 2005
url = http://www.vz.ru/columns/2005/6/22/975.html
accessdate = 2006-12-17 ] Arms dealings with Vickers Limited at war time gave basis to the theory that Alexander Parvus was also a British intelligence asset.

Russian Revolution

While in Turkey, Parvus became close with German ambassador Baron Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim who was known to be partial to establishing revolutionary fifth columns among the allies. Consequently, Parvus offered his plan via Baron von Wangenheim to the German General Staff: the paralyzing of Russia via general strike, financed by the German governmentcite web
last = Schurer
first = Heinz
title = "Alexander Helphand-Parvus–Russian Revolutionary and German Patriot".
work = Vol. 18, No. 4, pages 313-331
publisher = "Russian Review"
month = October | year = 1959
url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-0341%28195910%2918%3A4%3C313%3AAHRAGP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V&size=LARGE
accessdate = 2006-12-17 ] (which, at the time, was at war with Russia and its allies). Von Wagenheim sent Parvus to Berlin where the latter arrived on the 6th of March, 1915 and presented a 20 page plan titled "A preparation of massive political strikes in Russia" to the German government.ru icon cite web
last = Парвус
first = Александр
title = "Подготовка массовой политической забастовки в России (A preparation of massive political strikes in Russia)"
work =
publisher = ХРОНОС
month = February | year = 1915
url = http://www.hrono.ru/dokum/191_dok/1915parvus.html
accessdate = 2006-12-17 ]

Parvus' detailed plan recommended the division of Russia by sponsoring the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, encouraging ethnic separatists in various Russian regions, and supporting various writers whose criticism of Tsarism continued during wartime. Basing himself on his 1905 experiences, Parvus theorised that the division of Russia and its loss in the First World War was the best way to bring about a socialist revolution.

Kaiser Wilheim's secret intelligence services now saw their earlier manipulation and cultivation of Parvus had paid off and advised the government to review Parvus' plan. German authorities now saw that Tsar Nicholas II was firm in his commitment to the allies and had refused to sign a separate peace treaty with Germany, instead moving out the slogan "War to its victorious end!". Parvus' new German case officer was given 2 million marks to start Parvus' plan.Ludendorff, Eric. "My War Memories, 1914-1918" ISBN 1-84574-303-2]

Copenhagen operation

Parvus placed his bets on Lenin, as the latter was not only a radical but willing to accept the sponsorship of the Tsar's wartime enemy, Germany. The two met first in Berne and agreed to collaborate. Parvus assiduously cultivated Lenin, however Lenin kept him at arms length to disguise Parvus' new role as a German agent.Fact|date=June 2008 German intelligence set up Parvus' financial network via offshore operations in Copenhagen, setting up relays for German money to get to Russia via fake financial transactions between front organizations.

It is still debated to the present day whether the money with which this financial network operated was actually of German origin. The evidence published by Kerensky's Government in preparation for a trial scheduled for October (November) 1917 was recently reexamined and found to be either inconclusive or outright forgery [http://al.nd.edu/resources-for/faculty-and-staff/faculty-list/bio/slyandre/ Semion Lyandres] "The Bolsheviks' "German Gold" Revisited: An Inquiry into the 1917 Accusations"] . ("See also Sisson Documents")

The most notorious was the "Institute for the Study of the Social Consequences of War" which Parvus set up in Denmark. Initially he had intended for Nikolai Bukharin to lead the operation, but under the pressure of Lenin who mistrusted Bukharin as a probable government agent (Trotsky's nickname for Nikolai Bukharin was "Nick Blabbermouth"),Fact|date=June 2008 instead instituted Lenin's confidants Yakov Ganetsky and Karl Radek. The activities of agent couriers were organized by Moisei Uritsky, later the head of Soviet Petrograd's Cheka.

However, setbacks occurred, as Ganetsky's suspicious arms smuggling activities drew unwanted attention from British SIS who now traced Ganetsky to Parvus and hence to Baron von Wangenheim. The Baron had long been under surveillance for his support of the Young Turks' revolutionary actions against the British. As a result Ganetsky was forced out of Denmark, while attempts were made by the British and Russians to stamp out the Bolshevik's financial network in Turkey. Additionally, as Lenin became more and more aware of Parvus' relations with German intelligence their relations became increasingly strained. Losing the confidence and/or control of his agents, Parvus began looking for other avenues of operation.

Parvus' reputation with the German ministry of foreign affairs came into question when in the winter of 1916 a Parvus planned financial catastrophe in St. Petersburg (akin to Parvus' provocation against the Russian banks in 1905) failed to produce a massive uprising. As a result, financing for Parvus' operations were frozen. Parvus went for support to the German Navy, briefly working as their advisor. He managed to help prevent Russian naval admiral Kolchak from taking on his offensive against the Turko-German Fleet in the Bosphorus and Dardanelles by planning the sabotage of a major Russian warship. This success gave him more credibility, once again, in the eyes of the Germans.

When the February Revolution occurred in Russia, the Russian provisional government continued to commit to the allies and refused to sign a separate peace with Germany. This caused the German ministry to turn to Parvus again and continue its financing of Lenin and the Bolsheviks through him.

In March 1917, in a plan strategized together with Parvus, German intelligence sent Vladimir Lenin and a group of 30 of his revolutionary associates from Switzerland through Germany in a train car under supervision of Swiss socialist Fritz Platten.de iconPößneck, Ehrenfried "Lenin als Kontrahent von Parvus im Jahr 1917." Schkeuditz : GNN-Verlag, 1997. ISBN 3-932725-05-0]

Spartacist uprising

As the depth of Parvus' arrangements with the Germans became known this also ruined relations with the rest of the revolutionary network including Rosa Luxemburg and other German socialists who were engaging in the subversion of Germany. Despite evidence showing the Parvus had never betrayed German socialists to the authorities, his credibility among the revolutionary elite went sour.

As his political activity waned, the war ground to a halt, and he refused to help the new German authorities smash Rosa Luxemburg's Red Revolution, he retreated to a German island near Berlin. Despite his failure to help the new Weimar Republic regime he was well provided for, living in a well appointed 32-room mansion in Berlin's Swan Isle. He later published his memoirs from this residence.

Legacy

Parvus died in Germany, in December 1924. His body was cremated and interred in a Berlin cemetery. After his death Konrad Haenisch wrote in his memoir "This man possessed the ablest brains of the Second International"de iconHaenisch, Konrad "Parvus : ein Blatt der Erinnerung." Berlin Verl. für Sozialwissenschaft, 1925]

The party's gold

Igor Bunich in his "The Party's gold" (Zoloto partii)ru icon cite web
last = Бунич
first = Игорь
title = "Золото партии" (free full text)
work =
publisher = Санкт-Петербург
date = January-March 1992
url = http://lib.ru/HIST/BUNICH/zoloto.txt
accessdate = 2006-12-17 ] suggests that Parvus was tightly connected to the grand theft of the monstrous communist funds deposited in Swiss banks. These funds were later identified by Nazi Germans who forced the Swiss to freeze and/or hand over the funds. British and American intelligence also managed to lay hands on part of the funds. The accounts were later mixed up in the Holocaust account fund scandal in Switzerland.Fact|date=June 2008

Controversy

During his lifetime Alexander Parvus' reputation among his revolutionary peers suffered as a result of the Maxim Gorky affair and the fact that he was in effect a German government agent.At the same time both his business skills and revolutionary ideas were appreciated and relied upon by Russian and German revolutionaries and Ottoman's Young Turks. After the October Revolution in Russia for obvious political reasons his role was denied and he himself vilified. This continued during Stalin's era and sometimes had anti-semitic overtones to it. In Germany however he was considered favorably.Clarifyme|date=March 2008 His name is often used in modern political debates in Russia

References