Baotu Spring

The Baotu Spring (zh-cp|c=linktext|趵|突|泉|p=linktext|Bào|tū| Quán, sometimes translated as "Jet Spring" or "Spurting Spring") is a culturally significant artesian karst spring located in the city of Jinan, Shandong Province, China. It is mentioned in the Spring and Autumn Annals, one of the Five Classics of Chinese literature and was declared the "Number One Spring under the Heaven" (zh-cp|c=linktext|天|下|第|一|泉|p=linktext|Tiān| Xià| Dì| Yī| Quán) by the Qing Dynasty Emperor Qian Long.

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The Baotu Spring is the most renown among the more than 70 named artesian springs in the downtown area of the city of Jinan. The water of all these springs originates from an Ordovician karst aquifer under the city. As the terrain around Jinan slopes from the south down to the north, the recharge are for the aquifer is located in the mountainous area to the south of the city. The recharge area of the springs covers 1,500 square kilometers, out of which 550 km2 provide direct recharge and 950 km2 indirect recharge. Q. Wu and H. Xu (2005): A three-dimensional model and its potential application to spring protection. Environ Geol (2005) 48: 551­558] Altogether, the springs fed by the aquifer have a discharge of about 300,000-350,000 cubic meters per day D. Yuan (2007): Urban Hydrogeology in Karst Regions of China. - International Conference on Karst Hydrogeology and Ecosystems 2007] . Since the 1970s, the springs have stopped flowing several time because too much water has been taken out from the aquifer for human consumption (more than 270,000 m3 per day in the 1970s D. Yuan (2007): Urban Hydrogeology in Karst Regions of China. - International Conference on Karst Hydrogeology and Ecosystems 2007] ). Baotu Spring is part of a cluster of about 20 named springs. Age estimates of its water suggest that the water from this spring originates from shallow circulation [http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=9003110&q=jinan+spring&uid=788597020&setcookie=yes Fang, P., Cao, Y., Tang, K., Li, X., Wang, S. (1988) Age Dating of the Groundwater in the Spring Area of Jinan City in: Karst Hydrogeology and Karst Environment Protection. Volume 2. Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Association of Hydrogeologists, Guilin, China October 10-15, 1988. IAHS Publication No. 176, (1988). p 597-605] ] . The spring pool of the Baotu spring is fed by an underwater limestone water through three outlets, the volume of the water coming out of the spring can reach peak values up to 1.6 cubic meters per second [http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_travel/2003-09/24/content_35869.htm online article at www.chinaculture.org] ] . The water jets from the spring are said to have reached highs up to 26 meters [http://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shandong/jinan/baotu.htm online article at www.travelchinaguide.com] ] . The water temperature remains constant of 18 degree Celsius through the entire year [http://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shandong/jinan/baotu.htm online article at www.travelchinaguide.com] ] .

History

The existence of the Baotu Spring has been dated back more than 3,500 years to the times of the Shang Dynasty [ [http://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shandong/jinan/baotu.htm online article at www.travelchinaguide.com] ] . The spring is mentioned in the Spring and Autumn Annals, the official chronicle of the ancient State of Lu and one of the Five Classics of Chinese literature [http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_travel/2003-09/24/content_35869.htm online article at www.chinaculture.org] ] . The Baotu Spring is also described in the Suijing Zhu ("Commentary on the Waterways Classic") compiled by the geographer Li Daoyuan during the time of the
Northern Wei Dynasty. He writes that "spring gushes up, water gushing like wheel" [http://knows.jongo.com/res/article/1083 online article at jongo.com] ] .During the time of Li Daoyuan, the Baotu Spring and adjacent springs formed the source ofthe ancient Luo River [http://www.qiluyou.com/ns_detail.php?id=949&nowmenuid=2955&cpath=0171:0178:&catid=0 online article at www.qiluyou.com] ] .The present-day name of the spring refers to the gushing up of the water. It dates back to the Song Dynasty; previously the spring had been known under different names such as "Baoliu" and "Lanquan" [http://www.chinaplanner.com/gardens/famousgardens/fam_basp.htm online article at www.chinaplanner.com] ] .

The area of the Baotu Spring as well as some neighboring springs such as the Jinxian Spring (zh-cp|c=linktext|金|线|泉|p=Jīn Xiàn Quán), the Huanghua Spring (zh-cp|c=linktext|皇|华|泉|p=Huáng Huá Quán), the Mapao Spring (zh-cp|c=linktext|马|跑|泉|p=Mǎ Páo Quán), the Shiwan Spring (zh-cp|c=linktext|石|湾|泉|p=Shí Wān Quán), Zhanlu Spring (zh-cp|c=linktext|湛|露|泉|p=Zhàn Lù Quán), and the Manjing Spring (zh-cp|c=linktext|满|井|泉|p=Mǎn Jǐng Quán) are protected by a public park (zh-cp|c=linktext|趵|突|泉|公|园|p=linktext|Bào|tū| Quán| Gōng| Yuán). The park was created in 1956and covers now about 10.5 hectare.

Architecture

The spring water feeds into a rectangular spring pool that extends 30 meters from east to west and 18 meters from north to south. The spring pool is surrounded by historical structures such as the Leyuan (or Luoyuan) Hall (Song Dynasty, to the north of the spring), the Guanlan Pavilion (Ming Dynasty, west of the spring), and the Laihe Bridge (built during the Wanli era of the Ming Dynasty, east of the spring) [http://knows.jongo.com/res/article/1083 online article at jongo.com] ] . Closeby, on the shore of the spring's runoff stands the Wangheting Teahouse. Other noteworthy structures are the Banbi Corridor and the Waterside Chamber. The largest architectural ensemble is the 10,000 Bamboo Garden. It comprises 186 buildings arranged around 13 courtyards as well as four pavilions and five bridges. Orginially built during the Yuan Dynasty, it served as the home to a famous poet. In 1912, Zhang Hauizhi, a commander of the local army who later becme governor of Shandong Province bought the garden and kept enlarging it from 1912 to 1927. Other gardens within the park are the Whanzhu Garden, the Cang Garden (with the memorial to Wang Xuetao), the Luoyuan Garden, the Hundred Flowers Garden, and the (May 3rd Massacre) Memorial Garden.

Culture

Baotu Spring has been a recurring subject of classic Chinese literature and has been written about by authors such as Zeng Gong (Song Dynasty), Zhao Mengfu (Yuan Dynasty), and Pu Songling (Qing Dynasty) [http://www.qiluyou.com/ns_detail.php?id=949&nowmenuid=2955&cpath=0171:0178:&catid=0 online article at www.qiluyou.com] ] . The spring was visited by the emperors Kang Xi and Qian Long who left inscriptions at the site. Qian Long conferred on it the honorary title "First Spring under the Heaven" (zh-cp|c=linktext|天|下|第|一|泉|p=linktext|Tiān| Xià| Dì| Yī| Quán). The Baotu Spring public park also houses memorials to the local painters
Li Kuchan (1898-1983) and Wang Xuetao (1903-1982) as well as to the poet Li Qingzhao. The latter has a memorial hall set in a traditional courtyard dedicated to her. The Baotu Spring is the site of an annual lantern festival (starts on the Chinese New Year day and lasts for one month [http://www.chinatravelguide.com/ctgwiki/Jinan_Baotu_Spring_Park Jinan Baotu Spring Park - article on www.chinatravelguide.com] ] ), and a chrysanthemum show (since the 1970's, held from the end of October to the end of November). A local beer brand ("Baotu Quan" beer produced by Jinan Beer Group Corporation) is named after the spring and said to be brewed with water from the spring.

Location

The Baotu Spring is located right to the southwest of the city center of Jinan, on the outer side of the old city moat and near the west end of Quancheng Road (zh-cp|c=linktext|泉|城|路|p=linktext|Quán| Chéng| Lù); its street address is Baotu Spring South Road 1 (zh-cp|c=linktext|趵|突|泉|南|路|n5= 1|号|p=linktext|Bào|tū| Quán| Nán| Lù |n5= 1| háo), Jinan, Shandong.

References

External links

* [http://www.baotuquan.net Official website (in Chinese)]
* [http://www.jnta.gov.cn/jnta_en/more_view_info.asp?ArticleID=JD00000008&addnum=1 New Seventy-two Famous Springs in Jinan]