Icmar of Tusculum

Icmar or Imar (died 1164) was a French cardinal.

He entered the Benedictine order of the Congregation of Cluny in the monastery of Saint-Martin des Champes in Paris; for a some time, he was a monk at Cluny. Later, he became abbot of the monastery S. Maria Nuova in the diocese of Poitiers [This is according to the [http://www.diocesituscolana.it/vescovi_primi.htm#Imaro%20o%20Icmaro%20o%20Ismaro%20o%20Temaro%20(1142-1164) site of the see of Frascati] . G. Moroni, p. 266 indicates that he was not abbot of S. Maria Nuova but abbot general of the Congregation of Cluny; however, Moroni seems to be in error because Icmar is not mentioned in [http://www.uni-muenster.de/Fruehmittelalter/Projekte/Cluny/abbates_cluny.htm Catalogus abbatum Cluniacensium] ] . He was a friend of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, who mentioned him in his letters [G. Moroni, p. 266-267; [http://www.diocesituscolana.it/vescovi_primi.htm#Imaro%20o%20Icmaro%20o%20Ismaro%20o%20Temaro%20(1142-1164) Site of the see of Frascati] ] . He was created Cardinal-Bishop of Tusculum (Frascati) by Pope Innocent II in the consistory of March 1142 [S. Miranda: [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-xii.htm#InnocentII List of the cardinals created by Innocent II] ] and received the episcopal consecration from that pope in the Lateran Basilica [G. Moroni, p. 266] . He participated in the papal elections of September 1143, March 1144, February 1145, July 1153 and December 1154 [S. Miranda: [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/conclave-xii.htm papal elections of 12th century] ] , and subscribed the papal bulls issued between April 19, 1142 and February 18, 1159 [Philipp Jaffé, p. 559, 605, 609, 615, 653 and 658] . He served as papal legate in England in the pontificate of Pope Lucius II (1144–1145) [G. Moroni, p. 266] . Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1153. After the double papal election, 1159 he joined the obedience of Antipope Victor IV [S. Miranda, [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/conclave-xii.htm#1159A Election of Antipope Victor IV, September 7, 1159] ] and consecrated him to the episcopate in the abbey of Farfa on October 4, 1159 with the assistance of the bishops Ubaldo of Ferentino and Riccardo of Melfi [S. Miranda: [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1159bishops.htm psedocardinal bishops of Victor IV (no. 2 and 3)] ] . He was deposed by the legitimate Pope Alexander III. He participated in the schismatic Council of Pavia in February 1160, which anathematized Alexander III. Shortly thereafter he returned to the obedience of legitimate pope and was restored by him as cardinal [ [http://www.diocesituscolana.it/vescovi_primi.htm#Imaro%20o%20Icmaro%20o%20Ismaro%20o%20Temaro%20(1142-1164) Site of the see of Frascati] , and G. Moroni, p. 266. Date of his reconcilation with Alexander III is not given in these sources, but it must have occured before September 11, 1162, because on that date the suburbicarian see of Frascati (Tusculum) in the obedience of Victor IV was occupied by the new cardinal-bishop Teobaldo (S. Miranda: [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1159bishops.htm#Teobaldo Pseudocardinal Teobaldo] )] . He retired to the abbey of Cluny and died there in 1164 [ [http://www.diocesituscolana.it/vescovi_primi.htm#Imaro%20o%20Icmaro%20o%20Ismaro%20o%20Temaro%20(1142-1164) Site of the see of Frascati] . G. Moroni, p. 267 says that he died in 1164 or 1169] .

Spanish historian Alphonso Ciacconio (c.1540–1599) in his opuscle "Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium" mentions him among participants of the election of Antipope Paschal III (successor of Victor IV) in April 1164 [S. Miranda: [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/conclave-xii.htm#1164 Notes to the election of Antipope Paschal III on April 22, 1164] ] , but this is unlikely because up to that time he had reconciled with Alexander III [Ciacconio probably confused him with Livido, who was created (pseudo)cardinal-bishop of Frascati (Tusculum) by Victor IV ca. 1163 (about Livido see: S. Miranda, [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1159bishops.htm#Livido Pseudocardinal Livido] ). Neither G. Moroni, p. 266-267, nor [http://www.diocesituscolana.it/vescovi_primi.htm#Imaro%20o%20Icmaro%20o%20Ismaro%20o%20Temaro%20(1142-1164) the site of the see of Frascati] mention Icmar's participation in the election of this antipope.] .

Further reading

*Gaetano Moroni, "Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni." Vol. XXXIII, Tipografia Emiliana, Venezia, 1840 - 1861, p. 266-267
*Philipp Jaffé, [http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=70317&dirids=1 "Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII"] , Berlin 1851
* [http://www.diocesituscolana.it/vescovi_primi.htm#Imaro%20o%20Icmaro%20o%20Ismaro%20o%20Temaro%20(1142-1164) Biographical entries of the Cardinal-Bishops of Frascati (Tusculum) on the official site of that suburbicarian see]
*Salvador Miranda: [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-xii.htm Consistories for the creation of cardinals XII Century (1099-1198)] and [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/conclave-xii.htm Papal elections of the XII Century (1100-1198)]

References