- Continental Freemasonry in North America
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Continental Freemasonry in North America is relatively rare, but there are a few continental style organizations active.
These organizations, often belonging to groups such as CLIPSAS, are not recognized by the Grand Lodges that form Anglo-American[1][2][3][4] Freemasonry, nor by their Prince Hall Masonry counterparts.
Contents
History - differing Masonic traditions
Most American Freemasons belong to Grand Lodges that follow the Anglo-American Masonic tradition, which insists on new candidates having a belief in Deity, meaning that atheists in particular are not allowed to join. In 1877 the Grand Orient de France (GOdF) dropped this requirement and the United Grand Lodge of England. (UGLE) withdrew its recognition. Many masons believe that this caused the American Grand lodges to follow UGLE and withdraw recognition. However, the historical facts are more complicated. Several American Grand Lodges had withdrawn their recognition of GOdF as early as the 1860s, as the result of a jurisdictional dispute that had nothing to do with the change in the GOdF's stance on religion or the bible in lodge. Furthermore, during the First World War a half-century later, several American Grand Lodges briefly reinstated their recognition of the GOdF; this was "long after the GOF had changed its policy on religion, and the American grand lodges made detailed studies and were fully aware of the policies of the French bodies they were recognizing."[5][6] The use of God as a tool for Masonic politics has a long history.[7] Currently, none of the mainstream US Grand Lodges recognize GOdF.
Background on the belief in Deity
There is some debate as to exactly when Freemasonry in the Anglo-American tradition started requiring its members to have a belief in Deity. There are hints that this was the case from the earliest days of Freemasonry: The Regius Manuscript, the oldest known Masonic document dating from around 1390, states that a Mason "must love well God and holy church always." James Anderson's 1723 Constitutions state that "A Mason is oblig'd by his Tenure, to obey the moral Law, and if he rightly understands the Art, he will never be a stupid Atheist, nor an irreligious Libertine." Anglo-American Masons interpret this passage to mean that Atheists are barred from joining the fraternity, while Continental Freemasons disagree.
However one interprets Anderson's Constitution, it is important to remember that they only applied to the Grand Lodge of England. GOdF did not include this requirement in its original constitutions. While GOdF did add language that required belief in Deity in 1849, in 1877 GOdF changed it back to the original usage, without this requirement.[8][9]
Whatever the historical rights and wrongs of the matter may be, the reasons why the disharmony between these two Masonic factions continues in the present day is primarily centered on whether a belief in Deity is required (although there is also disagreement as to whether women's Masonic groups can be recognized).
Today, the Grand Orient of France believe in Laïcité, which "imposes that all men are given, without distinction of class, origine or denomination, the means to be themselves, to have the freedom of choice, to be responsible for their own maturity and masters of their destiny."[10][11]
The other French bodies
Complicating the issue of recognition is the fact that in addition to the Grand Orient, there are at least twelve[12][13] other Grand bodies in France, the two largest being: the Grand Lodge of France (GLF), and the Grand Lodge National of France (GLNF). The Grand Lodge National of France follows the Anglo-American tradition and is recognized by the mainstream American Lodges. The Grand Lodge of France falls between the Anglo-American and Continental traditions, not allowing atheists to join its own ranks, but maintaining relations with bodies that do allow atheists. For this and other reasons, it is also not currently recognized by any of the mainstream American Grand Lodges but were during the twentieth century recognised, or visitations were approved, by up to twenty-three of the US mainstream Grand Lodges.[5]
The willingness of the Grand Lodge of France to recognize both sides in the larger Masonic Schism means that it is often the first to recognize small splinter groups that form out of both traditions. GLF can be seen as being the leader of a third faction in the larger Masonic schism, but is often grouped within the Continental Tradition by those in the Anglo-American tradition. As of 2010, there are no Masonic bodies that fall into this third grouping in North America, but there have been some in the past.[citation needed]
Non English-speaking Lodges
The Women's Grand Lodge Of Belgium (GLFB or WGLB),[14] the Grand Orient of France[15] and the Feminine Grand Lodge of France[16] have lodges in North-America.
English speaking groups
There are several English speaking groups that belong to the Continental tradition.
George Washington Union
The George Washington Union began as a single lodge, named "George Washington No.1", on December 10, 1976 to work under the concept of absolute freedom of conscience. The newly established Lodge received its Charter from the Grand Orient de France in accord with a covenant signed in August 1977 and ratified by the General Assembly of the Grand Orient de France on September 1978. In 1979, this lodge joined the Centre de Liaison et d'Information des Puissances maçonniques Signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg (CLIPSAS).
By 2001 several other Continental style lodges had been formed in North America. It was deemed appropriate in 2002 that the Grand Orient de France officially recognize and collaborate with the George Washington Union as a separate Grand Orient operating in North America with the ability to charter lodges.[17]
Le Droit Humain
The International Order of Co-Freemasonry, Le Droit Humain, is a fraternal brotherhood that has many Federations and Jurisdictions worldwide. The Order has its headquarters in Paris. Every country works the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, from the 1st to the 33rd degree.[18]
The first Le Droit Humain Lodge in America was founded in 1903.[19]
Grand Orient of the United States of America
The Grand Orient of the United States of America (GOUSA) is a Masonic body in amity with the Grand Orient of Chile.[20] It used to be in amity with the Grand Orient de France[21][22] but lost that status in 2011.[23]
Other Names
Continental Freemasonry often refers to itself as 'adogmatic' or 'liberal' Freemasonry. On the other hand, among the Anglo-American Masonic Grand Lodges, the Continental style Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are referred to as 'irregular' Masonic obediences.
References
- ^ Usage of 'Anglo-American' (1)
- ^ Usage of 'Anglo-American' (2)
- ^ Usage of 'Anglo-American' (3)
- ^ Usage of 'Anglo-American' (4)
- ^ a b U.S. Recognition of French Grand Lodges in the 1900s, Paul Bessel, published in Heredom: The Transactions of the Scottish Rite Research Society -- volume 5, 1996, pages 221-244
- ^ ADDRESS TO THE 2002 CALIFORNIA MASONIC SYMPOSIUM , by Alain Bauer, Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, July 27th, 2002
- ^ The Politics of Grand Lodge Foreign Relations
- ^ Iowa Proceedings 1918, pp. 25-29.
- ^ Denslow, Ray V. Freemasonry in the Eastern Hemisphere, p. 170.
- ^ Grand Orient of France: Laïcité
- ^ Can Freemasonry be Secular?
- ^ Franc-Maçonnerie Française, Les Obédiences Traditionnelles
- ^ Franc-Maçonnerie Française, Les Obédiences Progessistes
- ^ Grande Loge Féminine de Belgique
- ^ Lodges in New York City, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Washington DC and Montréal in Québec
- ^ Feminine Grand Lodge of France
- ^ George Washington Union
- ^ The Order of International Co-Freemasonry "Le Droit Humain"
- ^ Le Droit Humain American Federation
- ^ Grand Orient of Chile
- ^ Grand Orient de France
- ^ Chamberlain, John. "Dissent in American Freemasonry" Seclorum.
- ^ http://freemasonsfordummies.blogspot.com/2011/09/grand-orient-of-usa-officially-loses.html
Categories:- Freemasonry in the United States
- Organizations based in North America
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