- Sangarius Bridge
The Sangarius Bridge or Bridge of Justinian is a late
Roman bridge over the riverSakarya ( _la. Sangarius) inAnatolia , in modern-dayTurkey . It was built by the East Roman (Byzantine) EmperorJustinian I (r. 527-565) to improve communications between the capitalConstantinople and the eastern provinces of his empire. With a remarkable length of 430 m, the bridge was mentioned by several contemporary writers, and has been associated with a supposed project, first proposed byPliny the Younger to EmperorTrajan , [Plinius 10.41-42, 61-62] to construct a navigablecanal that would bypass theBosporus . [Moore (1950), p. 109]Location and history
The Sangarius Bridge is located in northwestern
Anatolia , in the ancient region ofBithynia , ca. 5 km from the town ofAdapazarı .Whitby (1985), p. 129] Today, the bridge spans the small Çark Deresi stream (called Melas in Antiquity), which flows from the nearby Sapanca Lake; the modern course of the far wider Sakarya lies 3 km to the East.In Antiquity and the Middle Ages, the bridge served an important purpose: it was the crossing-point of the strategically important military road from the
Bosporus to the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, which were threatened by theSassanid Empire . [Whitby (1985), p. 141] Before the stone bridge was constructed, a woodenpontoon bridge existed, which, according toProcopius , was frequently washed away when the river flooded, costing many men their lives. [Procopius, " [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Procopius/Buildings/5*.html#3 De Aedificiis, 5.3.8-11] "]The date of construction for the stone bridge can be accurately determined from contemporary sources: two laudatory poems of
Paul the Silentiary andAgathias , dating to the year 562, celebrate its completion, and the chronicler Theophanes records that the work began in "Anno Mundi" 6052, which corresponds to 559-560. [Whitby (1985), pp. 136–141] Conversely, since Procopius states that the bridge was still under construction when he wrote his work on Justinian's building projects ("De Aedificiis"), this would mean that it was written in the years 560-561, five to six years later than earlier presumed. [Whitby (1985), pp. 141–147] However, given that Theophanes' dating is somewhat inaccurate, it may well be that the bridge's construction had originally started in ca. 554. [PLRE , Vol. III, pp. 1064-1065]Construction
The bridge is built of blocks of
limestone , and, including theabutment s at each end, totals 429 m in length, with a width of 9.85 m and a height of up to 10 m.Froriep (1986), p. 46] The bridge rests on seven mainarch es. The central five arches span ranges from 23 to 24.5 m, with the piers between them ca. 6 m thick. They are complemented on either side by a smaller arch with a span of ca. 20 m. The Çark Deresi stream flows through one of the western arches today. In addition, there are further five arches (two in the western and three in the eastern ends) of between 3 and 9 m on the banks of the river bed, which served asspillway s in case the river overflowed. [Whitby (1985), p. 129ff] The eastern part of the bridge has been partially destroyed by the construction of a railway line along the river's course. The seven main piers were apparently decorated with small Christiancross es, which, with the exception of two, seem to have been destroyed.Whitby (1985), p. 130]In detail, the width of the main architectural elements (spans in bold, piers in parentheses) are, in meters::3 (N.A.) 7 (9.5) 19.5 (6) 23 (6) 24.5 (6) 24.5 (6) 24 (6) 24.5 (6) 20 (9.5) 9 (N.A.) 6 (N.A.) 3
The piers are shaped so as to act as
breakwaters , rounded on the upstream and pointed on the downstream side. The only exception is the broadest pier on the western shore, which is wedge-shaped on both sides. This feature of the Sangarius bridge sets it apart from most known Roman bridges, which usually feature pointed cut-waters upstream, and - if existing - also downstream.On the western entrance there existed a
triumphal arch , while on the eastern side there are the remains of anapse , whose function is unclear, but possibly served as a religious shrine. The apse features an East-oriented half-dome, and is is 11 m high and 9 m wide. [Froriep (1986), p. 47] The remains of the arch, now vanished, is illustrated in the sketches made in 1838 by Léon de Laborde: it depicts an arched doorway, made of stone masonry, lying immediately at the entrance of the bridge. [Laborde (1838), Table XIV, Nr. 30] The next sketch provides some measured dimensions: the doorway was 10.37 meters high and 6.19 m wide, while the pillars to either side were 4.35 m thick. [Laborde (1838), Table XIV, Nr. 31]The bridge was also adorned by an inscription bearing an
epigram by Agathias. The inscription has not survived, but its content has been preserved in the writings of EmperorConstantine VII Porphyrogenitus :References
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List of Roman bridges External links
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