Vagus nerve stimulation

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an adjunctive treatment for certain types of intractable epilepsy and major depression. VNS uses an implanted stimulator that sends electric impulses to the left vagus nerve in the neck via a lead wire implanted under the skin.__TOC__

Cyberonics VNS device

VNS implantation devices consist of a titanium-encased generator about the size of a pocket watch with a lithium battery to fuel the generator, a lead wire system with electrodes, and an anchor tether to secure leads to the vagus nerve. The battery life for the pulse generator is "between 1 [and] 16 years, depending on the settings [ie how strong the signal being sent is] ."Cyberonics, Inc. (2007.) VNS Therapy Patient Essentials: Depression.]

The device is currently only made by Cyberonics, Inc. However, other "wearable" devices are being tested and developed by other companies that involve transcutaneous stimulation and do not require surgery. Implantation of the Cyberonics VNS device is usually done as an out-patient procedure. The procedure goes as follows: an incision is made in the upper left chest and the generator is implanted into a little "pouch" on the left chest under the clavicle. A second incision is made in the neck, so that the surgeon can access the vagus nerve. The surgeon then wraps the leads around the left branch of the vagus nerve, and connects the electrodes to the generator. Once successfully implanted, the generator sends electric impulses to the vagus nerve at regular intervals.Panescu, Dorin (2005). Emerging Technologies: Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Depression. "IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine."] The left vagus nerve is stimulated rather than the right because the right plays a role in cardiac function such that stimulating it could have negative cardiac effects. George, Mark S. et al (2000). Vagus Nerve Stimulation: A New Tool for Brain Research and Therapy. "Biological Psychiatry, 47", 287-295.]

Action

The exact method of therapeutic action is unknown, but VNS has been shown to affect blood flow to different parts of the brain, and affect neurotransmitters including Serotonin and Norepinephrine which are implicated in depression. Some patients experience an alteration of voice quality and loudness during the time that the pulse is being delivered to the vagus nerve. Other common side effects include hoarseness, throat pain, cough, Dyspnea and Paresthesia.

Approval and endorsement

In 1997,the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of VNS as an adjunctive therapy for partial-onset epilepsy. In 2005, the FDA approved the use of VNS for treatment-resistant depression. Groves, Duncan A., Brown, Verity J. (2005). Vagus Nerve Stimulation: A Review of its Applications and Potential Mechanisms Yhat Mediate its Clinical Effects. "Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29", 493-500.]

Although the use of VNS for refractory depression has been endorsed by the American Psychiatric Association, the FDA's approval of VNS for refractory depression remains controversial. According to Dr. A. John Rush, vice chairman for research in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, results of the VNS pilot study showed that 40 percent of the treated patients displayed at least a 50 percent or greater improvement in their condition, according to the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. [http://www.pslgroup.com/dg/15131a.htm Doctor's Guide: "Vagus Nerve Stimulation Successful For Depression"] ] [http://www.neurologychannel.com/vagus/ Neurology Channel: Vagus Nerve Stimulation] ] Many other studies concur that VNS is indeed efficacious in treating depression. However, these finding do not take into account improvements over time in patients without the device. In the only randomized controlled trial VNS failed to perform any better when turned on than in otherwise similar implanted patients whose device was not turned on. [http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/04/briefing/4047b1_02_Summary%20of%20Safety%20and%20Effectiveness.pdf FDA Summary of VNS Data] ] To better understand the opinions of the medical professionals relating to this treatment option a compilation has been prepared from the responses to CMS (Medicare) during the write-in period from 08/07/2006 - 09/06/2006 entitled " [http://www.vnsdepression.com/p7-00_lettersfromthemedicalprofessional.htm Letters from the Medical Professionals] ".

Patients

Charles E. Donovan, a study subject in the investigational trial of vagus nerve stimulation therapy for treatment-resistant depression, wrote "Out of the Black Hole: The Patient's Guide to Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Depression". [Donovan, C. (2005.) "Out of the Black Hole: The Patient's Guide to Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Depression" Wellness Publishers, LLC. Also: http://www.vagusnervestimulation.com/] Another patient is blogging anonymously about her experiences with the implant at http://vnsandme.wordpress.com/.

Other uses

Because the vagus nerve is associated with many different functions and brain regions, research is being done to determine its usefulness in treating other illnesses, including various anxiety disorders, Alzheimer's disease, migraines, and fibromyalgia. [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00294281?order=3]

Other brain stimulation techniques used to treat depression include Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES). Deep brain stimulation is currently under study as a treatment for depression. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is under study as a therapy for both depression and epilepsy. Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation (TNS) is being researched at UCLA as a treatment for epilepsy. cite press release
publisher=
date=2006-07-25
url=http://newsroom.ucla.edu/page.asp?RelNum=7163
title=UCLA Develops Unique Nerve-stimulation Epilepsy Treatment; “Brain Pacemaker” Designed as External or Implant Device
accessdate=2006-07-26 ]

An investigational treatment option for uncontrolled epileptic seizures is now being evaluated. Using the RNS System from NeuroPace, an implanted device provides “responsive stimulation” to the area of the brain that triggers the seizures, attempting to stop the seizure before it causes symptoms. The RNS System is being evaluated at approximately 28 different sites throughout the United States

ee also

* Deep brain stimulation
* Neurotechnology
* Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
* Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation

Footnotes

References

*cite book
first = Charles E. (III) | last = Donovan
title = Out of the Black Hole: The Patient's Guide to Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Depression
publisher = Wellness Publishers, L.L.C
location = St. Louis
year = 2004
id = ISBN 0-9748484-1-7
* [http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfMAUDE/Results.cfm?start_search=1&SearchString=cyberonics&SearchYear=A&ProductCode=&ProductProblem=&DeviceName=&KNumber=&PMANumber=&Manufacturer=&BrandName=&EventType=&ReportDateFrom=&ReportDateTo=&PAGENUM=10&Key_Count=1500 FDA-MAUDE Database]

External links

* [http://www.bcm.edu/psych/mdoc/research/vnsintro.pdf VNS: A New Tool for Brain Research and Therapy (PDF file)] .
* [http://www.vnstherapy.com/ VNSTherapy.com] .
* [http://www.vagusnervestimulation.com/ VagusNerveStimulation.com] Publisher's website for "Out of the Black Hole".
* [http://www.vnsdepression.com/ VNSdepression.com] Proactive website and message forum sharing an accumlation of information and patient experiences relating to the VNS Therapy.
* [http://www.vnsmessageboard.org/ VNS Message Board] - Independent forum where VNS patients share their experiences
* [http://counsellingresource.com/features/archives/2005/in-practice/depression-brain-stimulator/ FDA OKs Brain Stimulator for Depression] - Comments on vagus nerve stimulation for depression
* [http://www.citizen.org/publications/release.cfm?ID=7385 Public Citizen petition to the FDA not to approve VNS]
* [http://www.howdydave.com/vns.html The VNS From A Patient's Point Of View]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/10/business/yourmoney/10cyber.html?ex=1315540800&en=7877734ab451d64f&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss Battle Lines in Treating Depression]
* [http://www.aurorabioscience.com.au] Australian VNS Information
* [http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/archive/g5129d.pdf FDA Warning Letter to Cyberonics, Inc.]
* [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/12-18-2006/0004493422&EDATE= Cyberonics Receives Third Determination Letter]
* [http://www.neuromodulation.com International Neuromodulation Society]
* [http://www.neuromodulation.org North American Neuromodulation Society]
* [http://www.brainstimulation.info Therapeutic Neuromodulation Weblog]