Getty kouros

The Getty kouros [Getty Villa, Malibu, inv. no. 85.AA.40.] is an over-life-sized [81-1/8"] dolomitic marble statue in the form of a late archaic Greek kouros. The sculpture was bought by the J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu in 1985 for $7 million [Thomas Hoving. "False Impression, The Hunt for Big-Time Art Fakes", 1997, p. 298.] [Sorensen, Lee. [http://www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org/frelj.htm Frel, Jiří K.] In "The Dictionary of Art Historians". Accessed 28/8/2008.] and first exhibited there in October 1986. Despite initial favourable scientific analysis of the patina and aging of the marble, the question of its genuineness has persisted from the beginning. Subsequent demonstration of an artificial means of creating the de-dolomitization observed on the stone has prompted a number of art historians to revise their opinions of the work. If genuine, it is one of only twelve complete kouroi still extant. If fake, it exhibits a high degree of technical and artistic sophistication by an as yet unidentified forger. Its status remains undetermined: today the museum's label reads "Greek, about 530 B.C., or modern forgery". [J. Paul Getty Museum. [http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artObjectDetails?artobj=12908 Statue of a kouros.] Retrieved September 2, 2008.]

Provenance

The kouros first appeared on the art market in 1983 when the Basel dealer Gianfranco Becchina offered the work to the Getty's curator of antiquities, Jiri Frel. Frel deposited the sculpture (then in seven pieces) at Malibu along with a number of documents purporting to attest to the statue’s authenticity. These documents traced the provenance of the piece to a collection in Geneva of Dr. Jean Lauffenberger who, it was claimed, had bought it in 1930 from a Greek dealer. No find site or archaeological data was recorded. Amongst the papers was a 1952 letter from Ernst Langlotz, then the preeminent scholar of Greek sculpture, remarking on the similarity of the kouros to the Anavyssos youth in Athens (NAMA 3851). Later inquiries by the Getty revealed that the postcode on the Langlotz letter did not exist until 1972, and that a bank account mentioned in a 1955 letter to an A.E. Bigenwald regarding repairs on the statue was not opened until 1963. [Marion True. "The Getty Kouros: Background on the Problem", in "The Getty Kouros Colloquium", 1993, p. 13.] The documentary history of the sculpture was evidently an elaborate hoax and therefore there are no reliable facts about its recent history before 1983.

tylistic analysis

The Getty kouros is highly eclectic in style. Our understanding of the development of kouroi as delineated by Gisela Richter [G.M.A. Richter. "Kouroi: Archaic Greek Youths. A Study of the Development of the Kouros Type in Greek Sculpture." 1970.] suggests the date of the Getty youth diminishes from head to feet. Beginning with the hair we can observe that it is braided into a wig-like mass of 14 strands each of which ends in a triangular point. The closest parallel here is to the Sounion kouros (NAMA 2720) of the late 7th century/early 6th century, which also displays 14 braids, as does the New York kouros (NY Met. 32.11.1). However, the Getty kouros’s hair exhibits a rigidity very unlike the Sounion Group. Descending to the hands we may see that the last joints of the fingers turn in at right angles to the thighs recalls the Tenea kouros (Munich 168) of the 2nd quarter of the 6th century. Further down, a late archaic naturalism becomes more pronounced in the rendering of the feet similar to kouros No. 12 from the Ptoon sanctuary (Thebes 3), as is the broad oval plinth which in turn is comparable to a base found on the Acropolis. Both Ptoon 12 and the Acropolis base are assigned to the Group of Anavyssos-Ptoon 12 and dated to the third quarter of the 6th century. Anachronizing elements are not unknown in authentic kouroi, but the disparity of up to a century is a strikingly unusual feature of the Getty sculpture.

Technical analysis

Despite being of Thasian marble, the kouros cannot be securely ascribed to an individual workshop of northern Greece or indeed to any ancient regional school of sculpture. Archaic kouroi conform to a canon of measurement and proportion (albeit with strong local accents) to which the Getty example also adheres, a comparison of like elements in other kouroi is both a test of authenticity and additional clue to the origin of the sculpture. There is little in the tool marks, carving methods and detailing to contradict an ancient origin of the piece. Although we have a small sample with which to compare (some 200 fragments and only twelve complete statues of the same type) there are atypical aspects of the Getty work that may be observed. The oval plinth is an unusual shape and larger than in other examples, suggesting the figure was free-standing rather fixed with lead in a separate base; also the ears are not symmetrical, they are at different heights with the left oblong and the right rounder implying the sculptor was using two distinct schema or none at all; [I. Trianti. "Four Kouroi in One?", in "The Getty Kouros Colloquium", 1993.] further there are a number of flaws in the marble most prominently on the forehead which the sculptor has worked around by parting the hair curls at the centre, ancient examples survive of projects being abandoned by sculptors when such flaws in the stone were revealed. [In the quarries of Naxos at Apollonas, Melanes and Flerio.]

Perhaps the most striking confirmation of the kouros’s antiquity is a subtlety regarding the direction of motion of the figure. Even though the youth presents foresquare to the viewer all kouroi have understated indicators of a turn either to the left or the right depending on where they were originally placed in the temple, i.e. when placed against the wall of the cella all of them turn away from the door towards the hieroon. In the case of the Getty youth the left foot is parallel with the step axis of the right foot rather than turning outwards as would occur if the figure were moving directly forwards. Therefore the statue is making motion toward his right, which Ilse Kleemann asserts is “one of the strongest pieces of evidence of its authenticity”. [Ilse Kleemann, "On the Authenticity of the Getty Kouros", in "The Getty Kouros Colloquium", 1993, p.46] Other features that suggest a similarity with known originals include the helicoid curls of the hair, closest in form to the west Cyclidian Kea kouros (NAMA 3686), the Corinthian form of the hands and the sloping shoulders akin to the Tenea kouros and the broad plinth and feet comparable to the Attic or Cyclidian Ptoon 12. That the Getty kouros cannot be identified with any one local atelier does not disqualify it as a genuine, but if real it does require of us that we admit a lectio difficilior into the corpus of archaic sculpture.

Some indication of tool marks remains on the work. Though the surface is weathered (or artificially abraised) and it is not clear if emery was used we can discern the heavy claw marks on the plinth and the use of a point in some of the finer detailing. For example there are point marks in the outline of the curls, between the fingers and in the cleft of the buttocks, also traces of the point in the arches of the feet and at random over the plinth. Though the tools evident here, fine point, slope chisel, claw chisel, are not inappropriate for a late 6th century sculpture their application might be problematic. Stelios Triantis remarks, "no sculptor of kouroi would hollow out with a fine point, nor incise outlines with this tool". [Stelios Triantis. "Technical and Artistic Deficiencies of the Getty Kouros" in "The Getty Kouros Colloquium", p. 52.]

In 1990, Dr. Jeffery Spier published the discovery of a kouros torso, [J. Spier. "Blinded by Science", Burlington Magazine, September 1990, pp. 623-631.] a certain forgery that exhibited notable technical similarities to the Getty kouros. After samples were taken that determined the fake torso was of the same dolomitic marble as the Getty piece the torso was purchased by the museum for study purposes. The fake’s sloping shoulders and upper arms, volume of chest, rendering of the hands and genitals all suggest the same hand as the Getty’s example, although the aging had been crudely done with an acid bath and the application of iron oxide. Further investigation has shown the torso and the kouros are not from the same block and the sculpting techniques are dramatically different (down to the use of power tools on the torso). [Marion True, "op. cit", p. 13-14.] Their relationship if any is still to be determined.

Archaeometry

The Getty commissioned two scientific studies on which it based its decision to buy the statue. The first was by Norman Herz, a professor of geology at the University of Georgia, who measured the carbon and oxygen isotope ratios, and traced the stone to the island of Thasos. The marble was found to have a composition of 88% dolomite and 12% calcite, by x-ray diffraction. His isotropic analysis revealed that δ¹⁸O = -2.37 and δ¹³C = +2.88, which from database comparison admitted one of five possible sources Denizli, Doliana, Marmara, Mylasa and Thasos-Acropolis. Further, trace element analysis of the kouros eliminated Denizli. With the high dolomite content Thasos was determined to be the likeliest source with a 90% probability. [Norman Herz and Marc Waelkens. "Classical Marble", 1988 , p. 311.] The second test was by Stanley Margolis, a geology professor at the University of California at Davis. He showed that the dolomite surface of the sculpture had undergone a process called de-dolomitization, in which the magnesium content had been leached out, leaving a crust of calcite, along with other minerals. Mr. Margolis determined that this process could occur only over the course of many centuries and under natural conditions, and therefore could not be duplicated by a forger.

In the early 1990s, the marine chemist Miriam Kastner produced an experimental result which cast doubt on the Margolis’s thesis by artificially inducing de-dolomitization in the laboratory, a result since confirmed by Margolis. However, although this does admit the possibility the kouros was synthetically aged by a forger the procedure is a complicated and time-consuming one. The unlikeliness of a forger using such experimental methods in what is still an uncertain science has prompted the Getty’s antiquities conservator to remark "when you consider a forger actually repeating the procedure you begin to leave the realm of practicality”. [Michael Kimmelman "Absolutely Real? Absolutely Fake?", NYT, August 4th, 1991, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE3D61F39F937A3575BC0A967958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all accessed 29/8/2008] .]

Notes

Bibliography

*Robert Bianchi, "Saga of The Getty Kouros", Archaeology (May/June 1994).
* Jerry Podany, Et Al., "A Sixth Century B.C. Kouros in the J. Paul Getty Museum", J. Paul Getty Museum, 1992.
*Angeliki Kokkou (ed.), "The Getty Kouros Colloquium: Athens, 25-27 May 1992", J. Paul Getty Museum, 1993.
*Norman Herz, Marc Waelkens, "Classical Marble: Geochemistry, Technology, Trade", North Atlantic Treaty Organization Scientific Affairs Division, 1988.
*Jeffrey Spier, "Blinded by Science: The Abuse of Science in the Detection of False Antiquities", The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 132, No. 1050 (Sep., 1990), pp. 623-631.
*Marion True, "A Kouros at the Getty Museum", The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 129, No. 1006 (Jan., 1987), pp. 3-11.

External links

* Gill. David. [http://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2008/08/getty-kouros-moral-is-never-ever-buy.html The Getty kouros: "The moral is, never ever buy a piece without a provenance".] "Looting matters" blog, August 28, 2008. Retrieved September 2, 2008.