Arimaspi

The Arimaspi were a legendary people of northern Scythia who lived in the foothills of the Riphean Mountains, variously identified with the Ural Mountains. All tales of their struggles with the gold-guarding griffins in the Hyperborean lands near the cave of Boreas, the North Wind ("Geskleithron"), had their origin in a lost work by Aristeas.

Legendary Arimaspi

The Arimaspi were described by Aristeas of Proconnesus in his lost archaic poem "Arimaspea". Proconnesus is a small island in the Sea of Marmora near the mouth of the Black Sea, well situated for hearing travellers' tales of regions far north of the Black Sea. Aristeas narrates in the course of his poem that he was "wrapt in Bacchic fury" when he travelled to the north and saw the Arimaspians, as reported by Herodotus:

"This Aristeas, possessed by Phoibos, visited the Issedones; beyond these (he said) live the one-eyed Arimaspoi, beyond whom are the Grypes that guard gold, and beyond these again the Hyperboreoi, whose territory reaches to the sea. Except for the Hyperboreoi, all these nations (and first the Arimaspoi) are always at war with their neighbors..." [Herodotus 4.13.1]

Herodotus, "Father of History", admits the fantastic allure of the edges of the known world: "The most outlying lands, though, as they enclose and wholly surround all the rest of the world, are likely to have those things which we think the finest and the rarest." ("Histories" iii.116.1) Ignoring his scepticism, Strabo and Pliny's Natural History perpetuated the fables about the northern people who had a single eye in the center of their foreheads and engaged in stealing gold from the griffins, causing battles between the two groups.

Historical Arimaspi

Modern historians speculate on historical identities that may be selectively extracted from the brief account of "Arimaspi". Herodotus recorded a detail recalled from "Arimaspea" that may have a core in fact: "the Issedones were pushed from their lands by the Arimaspoi, and the Scythians by the Issedones" (iv.13.1). The "sp" in the name suggests that it was mediated through Iranian sources to Greek, indeed in Early Iranian "Arimaspi" combines "Ariama" (love) and "Aspa" (horses) [Compare "Hystaspes", or closer to the Greek world, "Philip"] — a designation that fits very well to any steppe people of riders. Herodotus or his source seems to have misunderstood the Scythian word as a combination of the roots "arima" ("one") and "spou" ("eye") and to have created a mythic image to account for it.

The brief report of Herodotus seems to be very flimsy ground for making unequivocal statements about the historical background out of which the legend emerged. Notwithstanding these reservations, Tadeusz Sulimirski (1970) claims that the Arimaspi were a Sarmatian tribe originating in the upper valley of the River Irtysh, while Dmitry Machinsky (1997) associates them with a group of three-eyed figurines from the Minusinsk Depression, traditionally attributed to the Afanasevo and Okunevo cultures of Southern Siberia. [Machinsky D. A. Уникальный сакральный центр III - середины I тыс. до н.э. в Хакасско-Минусинской котловине. // Окуневский сборник. St. Petersburg, 1997:3.]

Mythological background

As philologists have noted, the struggle between the Arimaspi and the griffins has remarkable similarities to Homer's account of the Pygmaioi warring with cranes. Michael Rostovtzeff found a rendering of the subject in the Vault of Pygmies near Kerch, a territory that used to have a significant Scythian population. [The 2nd-century BC tomb "shows the battle of human pygmies with a flock of herons". [http://books.google.com/books?id=uZoYAAAAIAAJ&q=pygmies+kerch&dq=pygmies+kerch&pgis=1] ] Analogous representations were discovered at Volci and the fifth kurgan of Pazyryk. [D.V. Сheremisin, A.V. Zaporozhchenko. "The "Sacred Centres" of Eurasia and the Legend about the Arimaspi and the Griffins". // [http://new.hist.asu.ru/skif/pub/pub18.html Итоги изучения скифской эпохи Алтая и сопредельных территорий] . Barnaul, 1999:228-231.] A Hellenistic literary rendering of a battle with uncanny guardian "birds of Ares" is in "Argonautica" 1.

Cheremisin and Zaporozhchenko (1999), following the methodology of Georges Dumézil, attempt to trace parallels in Germanic mythology (Odin and the mead of poetry, the eagle stealing golden apples of eternal youth). They hypothesize that all these stories, Germanic, Scythian, and Greek, reflect a Proto-Indo-European belief about the monsters guarding the entrance to the otherworld who engage in battles with the birds conveying the souls of the newly dead to the otherworld and returning with a variety of precious gifts symbolizing new life. [Ibidem. ]

References and notes

External links

* [http://54.1911encyclopedia.org/A/AR/ARIMASPI.htm "Encyclopaedia Britannica" 1911:] "Arismaspi"
* [http://www.theoi.com/Thaumasioi/Arimaspoi.html "Europes Thaumasioi"]
* [http://www.geocities.com/laxaria/gryphonworld.html Michael D. Winkle, "Built Up Logically: An Attempt to Map (Literally and Metaphorically) The Secondary World of the Gryphons"] : an eccentric reading of Bolton

Further reading

*J.D.P. Bolton, 1962. "Aristeas of Proconnesus" (reprinted 1992).

*T. Sulimirski, 1970. "The Sarmatians" (Thames & Hudson, 1970)