Francis Herbert Wenham

Francis Herbert Wenham (born 1824, Kensington - died 1908) was a British marine engineer who studied the problem of manned flight and wrote a perceptive and influential academic paper which he presented to the first meeting of the Royal Aeronautical Society in London in 1866. His report, "Aerial Locomotion," was published in the Society's journal and reprinted in widely distributed aeronautical publications in the 1890s, including Octave Chanute's "Progress In Flying Machines". The paper introduced the idea of superposed wings in a flying machine, a concept Wenham tested in 1858 with a multiwing glider, although it did not actually fly. In 1866 he patented the design, which became the basis for biplanes, triplanes and multiplanes that took to the air a few decades later. Superposed wings increased the lifting area and avoided the structural problems of excessive wing length. In 1871 Wenham and colleague John Browning designed and constructed what was probably the world's first wind tunnel. Their experiments showed that high aspect ratio wings—long and narrow—had a better lift-to-drag ratio than short stubby wings with the same lifting area. Writing about his work, Wenham may have been the first scientist to use the word "aeroplane". [ [http://www.armchair.com/sci/wenham.html "Francis Wenham"] in Armchair World]

Wenham first tested superposed wings in a model that resembled a Venetian blind. It was successful, so he decided to build a machine which could support a man. He tested it in the evening in a strong breeze. He was taken by surprise however, when, as he wrote, "A sudden gust caught up the experimenter, who was carried some distance from the ground" [ [http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/wenham.html Aviation Pioneers: An Anthology] ]

Aviation writer Carroll Gray says Wenham's work may have been an important influence on the Wright brothers:

It is striking to note that at least four significant aerial vehicle design elements suggested by Wenham in 1866 can be seen on the series of successful Wright gliders and on the 1903 Wright Flyer: 1) superimposed wings, 2) vertical upright supports between the superimposed wings, 3) the prone position of the operator, as in Wenham's design with superimposed wings, and 4) that turning in flight ought be accomplished by means of generating more lift on one side of the aerial vehicle than on the other, rather than through the use of a simple rudder. It is also important to restate that Wenham's paper "Aerial Locomotion" was readily available to Wilbur Wright (as well as to Orville) in the 1895 "Aeronautical Annual" [Three of these journals were published in the U.S. in the mid-1890s by James Means.] which the Smithsonian Institution recommended to Wilbur Wright in June of 1899 (along with other aeronautical reading material), and which he soon thereafter obtained and read. [ [http://www.flyingmachines.org/wenh.html Flying Machines] ]

Aeronautics was Wenham's "spare time" pursuit. In his regular career he designed marine engines, ship's propellers, gas and hot air engines, and high pressure boilers.

Wenham was also highly skilled in the use of microscopes. He published many papers on the subject and designed stands, objective lenses and prisms, fabricating some of the latter himself.

Wenham was the son of a British army surgeon.

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External Links

[http://www.flyingmachines.org/wenh.html Flying Machines]

[http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/wenham.html Aviation Pioneers: An Anthology]