- Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency
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OMIM = 102770
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MeshID =Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency (MADD) is a
recessive geneticmetabolic disorder that affects approximately 1-2% of populations of European descent (making it a not particularly "rare" rare disease). It appears to be considerably rarer in Asian populations.Causes
Myoadenylate deaminase, also called
AMP deaminase , is anenzyme that converts adenosine monophosphate (AMP) toinosine monophosphate (IMP), freeing anammonia molecule in the process. It is a part of themetabolic process that convertssugar ,fat , andprotein into cellular energy. In order to use energy, a cell converts one of the above fuels intoadenosine triphosphate (ATP) via the mitochondria. Cellular processes, especiallymuscle s, then convert the ATP intoadenosine diphosphate (ADP), freeing the energy to do work.In some cases (such as greater than normal energy demand), other enzymes then convert two molecules of ADP into one ATP molecule and one AMP molecule, making more ATP available to supply energy. The resulting AMP molecule is not normally recycled directly, but is converted into IMP by myoadenylate deaminase. If myoadenylate deaminase is deficient, excess AMP builds up in the cell and is eventually transported by the
blood toliver to be metabolized or to thekidney s to be excreted.Effects of failure to deaminate the AMP molecules
This failure to deaminate the AMP molecules has three major effects. First, significant amounts of AMP are lost from the cell and the body. Second, ammonia is not freed when the cell does work. Third, the level of IMP in the cell is not maintained.
* The first effect -- the loss of AMP -- is mostly significant because AMP contains
ribose , a sugar molecule that is also used to makeDNA ,RNA , and someenzyme s. Though the body can manufacture some ribose and obtain more from RNA-rich sources such as beans and red meat, this loss of ribose due to MADD is sometimes sufficient to create a shortage in the body, resulting in symptoms of severe fatigue and muscle pain. This outcome is especially likely if the individual regularly exercises vigorously over a period of weeks or months.* The second effect, the absence of ammonia, is not well understood. It may result in a reduction of the amount of
fumarate available to thecitric acid cycle , and it may result in lower levels ofnitric oxide (avasodilator ) in the body, reducing blood flow andoxygen intake during vigorous exercise.* The third effect, the reduction in IMP, is also not well understood. It may somehow result in a reduction in the amount of
lactic acid produced by the muscles.Treatment
Symptomatic relief from the effects of MADD may sometimes be achieved by administering ribose orally at a dose of approximately 10 grams per 100 pounds (0.2 g/kg) of body weight per day.
External links
* [http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/mother/mpain.html#mad Overview at wustl.edu]
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