Carbonyl

Carbonyl

In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom : C=O.

The term carbonyl can also refer to carbon monoxide as a ligand in an inorganic or organometallic complex (a metal carbonyl, e.g. nickel carbonyl); in this situation, carbon is triple-bonded to oxygen : C≡O.

The remainder of this article concerns itself with the organic chemistry definition of carbonyl.

Carbonyl compounds

A carbonyl group characterizes the following types of compounds (where -CO denotes a C=O carbonyl group):

Other organic carbonyls are urea and carbamates. Examples of inorganic carbonyl compounds are carbon dioxide, carbonyl sulfide and phosgene

Reactivity

"Oxygen" is more electronegative than carbon, and thus pulls electron density away from carbon to increase the bond's polarity. Therefore, the carbonyl carbon becomes electrophilic, and thus more reactive with nucleophiles. Also, the electronegative oxygen can react with an electrophile; for example a proton in an acidic solution or other Lewis Acid."'

The alpha hydrogens of a carbonyl compound are much more acidic (~1030 times more acidic) than a typical C-H bond. For example, the pKa values of acetaldehyde and acetone are 16.7 and 19, respectively. [Ouellette, R.J. and Rawn, J.D. “Organic Chemistry” 1st Ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1996: New Jersey. ISBN 0-02-390171-3.] This is because a carbonyl is in tautomeric resonance with an enol. The deprotonation of the enol with a strong base produces an enolate, which is a powerful nucleophile and can alkylate electrophiles such as other carbonyls.

Amides are the most stable of the carbonyl couplings due to their high resonance stabilization between the nitrogen-carbon and carbon-oxygen bonds.

Carbonyl groups can be reduced by reaction with hydride reagents such as NaBH4 and LiAlH4, or catalytically by hydrogen and a catalyst such as copper chromite, Raney nickel, rhenium, ruthenium or even rhodium. Ketones give secondary alcohols; aldehydes, esters and carboxylic acids give primary alcohols.

Carbonyls can be alkylated by nucleophilic attack by organometallic reagents such as organolithium reagents and Grignard reagents. Carbonyls also be alkylated by enolates as in aldol reactions. Carbonyls are also the prototypical groups with vinylogous reactivity, e.g. the Michael reaction where an unsaturated carbon in conjugation with the carbonyl is alkylated instead of the carbonyl itself.

Other important reactions include:
* Wolff-Kishner reduction into a hydrazone and further into a saturated alkane
* Clemmensen reduction into a saturated alkane
* Conversion into thioacetals
* Hydration to hemiacetals and hemiketals, and then to acetals and ketals
* Reaction with ammonia and primary amines to form imines
* Reaction with hydroxylamines to form oximes
* Reaction with cyanide anion to form cyanohydrins
* Oxidation with oxaziridines to acyloins
* Reaction with Tebbe's reagent and phosphonium ylides to alkenes.
* Perkin reaction, an aldol reaction variant
* Aldol condensation, a reaction between an enolate and a carbonyl
* Cannizzaro reaction, a disproportionation of aldehydes into alcohols and acids
* Tishchenko reaction, another disproportionation of aldehydes that gives a dimeric ester

α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds

α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds are an important class of carbonyl compounds with the general structure Cβ=Cα−C=O. In these compounds the carbonyl group is conjugated with an alkene (hence the adjective unsaturated), from which they derive special properties. Examples of unsaturated carbonyls are acrolein, mesityl oxide, acrylic acid and maleic acid. Unsaturated carbonyls can be prepared in the laboratory in an aldol reaction and in the Perkin reaction.The carbonyl group, be it an aldehyde or acid or a ketone, draws electrons away from the alkene and the alkene group in unsaturated carbonyls are therefore deactived towards an electrophile such as bromine or hydrochloric acid. As a general rule with unsymmetric electrophiles hydrogen attaches itself at the α position in an electrophilic addition. On the other hand, these compounds are activated towards nucleophiles in nucleophilic addition.

pectroscopy

*Infrared spectroscopy: the C=O double bond absorbs infrared light at wavenumbers between approximately 1600–1900 cm−1. The exact location of the absorption is well understood with respect to the geometry of the molecule. This absorption is known as the "carbonyl stretch" when displayed on an infrared absorption spectrum. [Mayo D.W., Miller F.A and Hannah R.W “Course Notes On The Interpretation of Infrared and Raman Spectra” 1st Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2004: New Jersey. ISBN 0-471-24823-1.]
*Nuclear magnetic resonance: the C=O double-bond exhibits different resonances depending on surrounding atoms, generally a downfield shift. The 13C NMR of a carbonyl carbon is in the range of 160-220 ppm.

ee also

*Organic chemistry

References

Further reading

* L.G. Wade, Jr. "Organic Chemistry, 5th ed." Prentice Hall, 2002. ISBN 0-13-033832-X
* The Frostburg State University Chemistry Department. [http://www.chemhelper.com/ Organic Chemistry Help] (2000).
* Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc. [http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry] (1997).
* William Reusch. tara [http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/intro1.htm VirtualText of Organic Chemistry] (2004).
* Purdue Chemistry Department [http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/2organic/carbonyl.html] (retrieved Sep 2006). Includes water solubility data.
* William Reusch. (2004) [http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket1.htm Aldehydes and Ketones] Retrieved 23 May 2005.
* ILPI. (2005) [http://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/anhydride.html The MSDS Hyperglossary- Anhydride] .


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  • Carbonyl — Car bon*yl, n. [Carbon + yl.] (Chem.) The radical {(CO) }, occuring, always combined, in many compounds, as the aldehydes, the ketones, urea, carbonyl chloride, etc. [1913 Webster] Note: Though denoted by a formula identical with that of carbon… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Carbonyl... — Carbonyl...,   Bezeichnung der chemischen Nomenklatur für: 1) die Gruppe CO (Kohlenmonoxidmolekül) als Ligand in anorganische Koordinationsverbindungen (Carbonyle); 2) die sehr reaktionsfähige Gruppe C (=O) , die gebunden in organischen… …   Universal-Lexikon

  • carbonyl — [kär′bə nil΄] n. [ CARBON + YL] 1. the chemical group CO 2. any of a wide variety of compounds containing this group, esp. certain metal compounds carbonylic [kär′bənil′ik] adj …   English World dictionary

  • Carbonyl- — Car|bo|nyl [↑ Carbonyl u. ↑ yl ] 1) Präfix für Kohlenmonoxid (CO; das Carbonyl) als Ligand in ↑ Carbonylkomplexen u. ↑ Metallcarbonylen 2) Präfix für die ↑ Carbonylgruppe in Namen von Keton Derivaten symmetrischer Verb. mit höherrangigen Gruppen …   Universal-Lexikon

  • carbonyl — /kahr beuh nil/, adj. 1. containing the carbonyl group. n. 2. a compound containing metal combined with carbon monoxide, as nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO)4. [1865 70; CARBON + YL] * * * …   Universalium

  • carbonyl — noun a) In organic chemistry, a divalent functional group, ( CO ), characteristic of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, carboxylic acid anhydrides, carbonyl halides, esters and others. b) Any compound of a metal with carbon monoxide,… …   Wiktionary

  • carbonyl — Oxalyl Ox a*lyl, n. [Oxalic + yl.] (Chem.) (a) A hydrocarbon radical ({C2O2}) regarded as a residue of oxalic acid and occurring in derivatives of it. (b) An old name for {carbonyl}. (c) An old name for {carboxyl}. [1913 Webster] …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • carbonyl — noun Date: 1863 1. an organic functional group or radical –CO– occurring in aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and their derivatives 2. a coordination complex involving the neutral radical CO < chromium carbonyl > • carbonylic… …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • Carbonyl — Allgemeine Struktur einer Carbonylverbindung: Keton : A, B = org. Rest Aldehyd : A = H, B = org. Rest Carbonsäure : A = OH, B = org. Rest Amid : A = NH2, NHR, NR1R2, B = org. Rest …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Carbonyl — Composé carbonylé La fonction carbonyle, C=O, où un atome de carbone est relié à un atome d oxygène par une double liaison, est une fonction de chimie organique. Les composés où le groupe carbonyle est le principal substituant sont : Les… …   Wikipédia en Français

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