G.V. Series

The G.V. Series (perhaps for "Grabation Victor") [White 2002 and Stewart 2004 offer several variations on G. V.'s real and perceived meanings, which include “Grabation Victor” (“Victor Recording” in Spanish), "Grabado en Venezuela" (recorded in Venezuela), "Gramophone Victor", and a popular Congolese nickname "Grands Vocalistes" (great singers). White (2002) also reports it may only be an EMI records code which lies between G.U. and G.W.] were a series of 10 inch 78 rpm Gramophone records produced in Europe and the United States from the 1933 to the 1958, and exported (or repressed on site) to colonial Tropical Africa. They are credited with introducing Afro-Cuban music into modern African popular culture. The resulting re-interpretations influenced the creation of several genres of African popular music.

The Series

Over 250 titles (double sided records) were produced in the G.V. Series. The records were launched by the British EMI company's His Master's Voice label in 1933, in part because of shrinking demand during the Great Depression. In the 1940s, HMV reached agreement with other companies, such as RCA Victor to share the royalties of their artists in the production of G.V. Series recordings. Thereafter local distributors were able to request, or press themselves, any of the back catalog of these companies for relatively low cost in Africa, making the records affordable to African listeners for the first time. [White (2002) describes this process, citing Gronow, P. The Recording Industry: An Ethnomusicological Approach. Tampere, Finland: University of Tampere Press (1996).]

At the same time in West Africa (what became Nigeria and Ghana, specifically) EMI was recording and releasing Sakara, Juju and Apala music on 78rpm discs in the "Parlophone B", "HMV JL", "HMV JZ" and "Decca WA/GWA/NGA" series (1947-52), as well as HMV owned local labels, such as Ghana's Taymani Special. [see Chapter Twenty (pp.149-156) of John Collins. Musicmakers of West Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers (1985) ISBN 0894100750 ] While there were also domestic record producers beginning to appear in Anglophone West Africa, Francophone Central African music was based on the twin poles of small domestic labels of the 1940s and 50s, and the Latin music supplied by the G.V. Series records and later competitors from Pathé Marconi and Decca. [For the impact of the G.V. Series vs. these series of domestic music on Ghanaian and Nigerian music see: John Low. 'A History of Kenyan Guitar Music: 1945-1980', African Music, VI, 2,1982, pp.23-24
Christopher Waterman. Juju: A Social History and Ethnography of an African Popular Music, Chicago, University of Chicago Press (1990), pp.46-47 ] Anglophone West Africa also had twin advantages of having had access to domestic recording and the distribution across West Africa of these recordings by the HMV owned Zonophone label of African music from 1928. [Vernon. Savannaphone. FolkRoots No.122]

Cuban music in Africa

While the G.V. Series drew on a wide back catalogue of music, they are best known as the first exposure many Africans had to Afro-Cuban music (specifically Son and Son montuno). Some musicians of the era still refer to these songs not by the Spanish language titles but by the G.V. numbers of their records. ["The influence that they had may be measured in part by older musicians recalling Cuban tunes by the HMV catalogue number rather than the proper title." -- Paul Vernon. [http://www.bolingo.org/audio/texts/fr145eastafrica.html Feast of East] . ]

Nine initial G.V. records were released in 1933, drawn from EMI's back catalogue of '"general ethnic" or "Spanish" recordings, with G.V. 1 being "The Peanut Vendor" by Don Azpiazu & his Havana Casino Orchestra, recorded New York City, 13th May 1930. [John Cowley. [http://www.mustrad.org.uk/articles/ubunca.htm uBungca (Oxford Bags): Recordings in London of African and West Indian music in the 1920s and 1930s] . Musical Traditions No 12, Summer 1994.] Of particular note were Cuban artists such as Son combo Sexteto Habanero, Trio Matamoros, Don Azpiazu, Abelardo Valdés, Antonio Machin, as well as big band leader Xavier Cugat, originally recorded in the United States for the American market.

These records spawned some of the most successful modern musical styles West Africa, Central Africa, and East Africa. The most notable of these styles is Congolese Rumba ("Soukous") which developed in Leopoldville, Belgian Congo (modern Kinshasa, DRC) in the 1940s and 50s. The guitar styles of Highlife music in British colonial West Africa were also highly influenced by these records. African guitar playing in general, and the electric guitar in particular, was popularised in part by the music distributed in the G.V. Series records. The music of East Africa was also influenced by the G.V. series, sold through East African Music Stores in Nairobi as its agents in Lourenço Marques and Dar-es-Salaam. But here too, the Cuban musics of the G.V. series quickly had to complete with domestic music produced by EMI and specialist labels like Odeon Swahili. [Paul Vernon. [http://www.bolingo.org/audio/texts/fr145eastafrica.html Feast of East] . FolkRoots No.145]

ee also

*Catalog numbering systems for single records

References

* [http://www.lepotentiel.com/afficher_article.php?id_edition=&id_article=6155 Evolution de la musique congolaise moderne de 1930 à 1950] . Jeannot ne Nzau Diop. Le Potentiel (Kinshasa), 14 May 2005.
* [http://etudesafricaines.revues.org/document161.html Bob W. White, Congolese Rumba and Other Cosmopolitanisms] , Cahiers d'études africaines, 168, 2002.
*Gary Stewart. Rumba On The River: A History of the Popular Music of the Two Congos. W W Norton & Co (2004) ISBN 1859843689
*Robert W. White. Music: Popular Dance in Congo (Zaire). in Philip M. Peek, Kwesi Yankah (eds) African Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis (2004) pp. 272-274 ISBN 041593933X
* [http://excavatedshellac.wordpress.com/category/cuba/ Septeto Machín - El Guateque] , Excavated Shellac. November 12, 2007.
* [http://www.rootsworld.com/reviews/cuba0604.shtml Out Of Cuba: Latin American Music Takes Africa By Storm] , Rootsworld (2006)
* [http://www.mustrad.org.uk/reviews/out_cuba.htm Out of Cuba: Latin American music takes Africa by storm] , Keith Howard 1 November 2005.
* [http://www.bolingo.org/audio/texts/fr122savanna.html PAUL VERNON. SAVANNAPHONE] , FolkROOTS Magazine No. 122 (1994). Traces the precursors to the G.V. Series, focusing on Anglopohne West Africa.
* [http://www.scientific-african.org/scholars/ctaylor/files Discography of HMV JL record series published in Nigeria circa 1941-1942. Incomplete (2006)]
* [http://www.savannahphone.co.uk/discography%20introduction.htm Discography of Apala, Juju, and Sakara on British Record Labels 1936 - mid 1950s] : Savannaphone.co.uk.