Katse Dam

Infobox_Dam
dam_name= Katse Dam


caption= Katse Dam
official_name= Katse Dam
crosses= Malibamat'so River
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locale=Lesotho
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length= 2329 ft (710 m)
height= 607 ft (185 m)
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open= 1996
closed=
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The Katse Dam, part of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project--Africa's largest dam project, eventually to include 5 large dams in remote rural areas--is a concrete arch dam on the Malibamat'so River in Lesotho. The potential of the project was identified by the South African Civil Engineer Ninham Shand as a possible means to supplement the water supply to South Africa. The World Bank arranged for a treaty between the then-Apartheid government of South Africa and its much smaller neighbor, Lesotho, allowing execution of the project to proceed.

Construction

The dam was built by a consortium of Bouygues, Concor, Group 5, Hochtief, Impregilo, Kier Group and Sterling International [ [http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=52182#appendix-01-01-00-00 Corner House] ] . The dam was completed in 1996 and the reservoir filled with water by 1997.

Environmental impact

The mass of water gave rise to induced seismicity. [ [http://www.irn.org/programs/safrica/index.php?id=pr970210.html Earthquakes force families to abandon village] ] Farmers who lost land to the project have had trouble re-establishing new livelihoods. There is little arable land in the mountains to replace all that was lost, and efforts to help them with new livelihoods have by no means been as successful as the engineering works. A local group has documented the project's human legacy in the rural communities directly affected by the project, [ [http://www.trc.org.ls/ Transformation Resource Centre] ] and the environmental and human-rights NPO, International Rivers, produced a detailed account of the effects. [ [http://www.irn.org/programs/lesotho/pdf/pipedreams.pdf Pipe Dreams, 2001, Ryan Hoover, International Rivers] ]

Water delivery

Water from the dam first travels through a 45 km, 4 m diameter tunnel, exiting at a hydroelectric station near Muela. The dam's high elevation allows a gravity flow delivery system to South Africa, in addition to hydroelectric power for Lesotho, and was a prime reason behind the choice of site.

Water delivery officially began on 22 January 1998. The dam currently supplies about 30 m³/s of water to South Africa, which pays Lesotho $5 million per year, plus a variable royalty based on calculated water usage benefits.

In recent years, water from the scheme has also been discharged into the Mohokare (Caledon) river to provide water to Maseru in times of critical shortages. The new dams have filled as anticipated and discharge of water from the dams into the downstream rivers continues in a scheme devised to preserve ecological balances. This discharged water flows to the Senqu (Orange) and while preserving the ecological "status quo" benefits only those communities along the rivers, and schemes to provide water supplies to displaced Highlands farmers have not been very successful [ [http://www.irn.org/programs/lesotho/pdf/pipedreams.pdf Pipe Dreams, 2001, Ryan Hoover, International Rivers] ] .

The dam project has also been a source of widespread corruption, [ [http://www.irn.org/programs/lesotho/index.php?id=corruption.html Corruption corner] ] which is not uncommon with large dam projects. The Lesotho courts have taken the unusual step of prosecuting the large companies involved in the scandal in addition to the Lesotho bureaucrat who took the bribes. Thus far, there have been a number of convictions and at least one company debarred by the World Bank for its role in the scandal.

Dam features

*Height - 185 m
*Crest length - 710 m
*Design - double arch, concrete
*Concrete - 2,320,000 cubic meters
*1993 meters above sea level (highest Dam in Africa)

References

External links

* [http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/africa/lesotho-water-project International Rivers]
* [http://www.lhwp.org.ls/engineering/phase1a/katse_dam/default.htm Dam crossection]
* [http://www.lhwp.org.ls/engineering/phase1a/katse_dam/technical.htm Dam specifications]
* [http://www.lhwp.org.ls/ Lesotho Highlands Development Authority]
* [http://www.trc.org.ls/ Transformation Resource Centre]