Social movement organization

__NOTOC__A social movement organization (often capitalized in literature as "Social Movement Organization" or abbreviated as SMO) is a formally organized component of a social movement (SM). A SMO may only make up a part of a particular social movement; in other words, a specific social movement is usually composed of many social movement organizations - formal organizations that share movement's goals and attempt to implement them. Social movement organizations play coordinating roles in social movements, but do not actually employ or direct most of the participants.

For instance, the civil rights movement was a social movement composed of specific social movement organizations (like SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) or CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)).Mayer N. Zald, John D. McCarthy, "Social Movements in an Organizational Society: Collected Essays", Transaction Publishers, 1997, ISBN 0887388027, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ep-QUUNbJaMC&pg=PA21&vq=SMI&dq=Social+Movements+in+an+Organizational+Society&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1_1&sig=ACfU3U2cQeXvC4scpXiEpD_gD-4uN7ABCw Google Print, p. 21] ] PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) advocates for vegan lifestyles along with its other aims. But PETA is not the only group to advocate for vegan diets and lifestyles; there are numerous other groups actively engaged toward this end.Maurer, Donna. 2002. Vegetarianism: Movement or Moment? Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 156639936X] Thus, the social movement is the general push toward veganism (an effort with numerous motivations) and PETA is only a single SMO working within the broader social movement. The peace movement is composed of many groups that want peace - groups that classify as SMOs such as Peace Action (SANE/FREEZE), Fellowship of Reconciliation and others. [Melvin F. Hall, "Poor People's Social Movement Organizations: The Goal is to Win", Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995, ISBN 0275947041, [http://books.google.com/books?id=_6jstm_irqYC&pg=PA6&dq=%22social++movement+organization%22&ei=xQh-SInLCp6ujgGQ6bjtDw&sig=ACfU3U2KMpuEXeA_SIpK7QWtjwlgNEO1AA#PPA6,M1 Google Print, p.6] ] Ku Klux Klan is yet another SMO - part of the white supremacist movement. [John Lofland, "Social Movement Organizations: Guide to Research on Insurgent Realities", Aldine Transaction, 1996, ISBN 0202305538, [http://books.google.com/books?id=3n4Tfm1i8z4C&pg=PA1&vq=%22social++movement+organizations%22&dq=%22social++movement+organizations%22&lr=&source=gbs_search_s&cad=4&sig=ACfU3U3woevi_Ib2rkKdKC_vcOWX8tDfvg Google Print, p.1] ] al-Qaeda, acting as a coordinating body for a large number of loosely-connected anti-American organizations and individuals is another example of a social movement organization.

An organizational equivalent of a particular social movement - a collection of all SMOs focused on a given field - is known as a Social Movement Industry (SMI). Social Movement Industries are similar to social movements in scope but are seen as having more structure. [Kevin Michael DeLuca, "Image Politics: The New Rhetoric of Enviromental Activism", Routledge, 2005, ISBN 0805858482, [http://books.google.com/books?id=sioqUpkrA_wC&pg=PA30&dq=difference+between+a+social+movement+and+a+social++movement+industry&sig=ACfU3U1JFQqGIQfOJaK4DeibySbI88sKTw Google Print, p.30] ] Social movement industries can be combined into one one Social Movement Sector in the society. [Suzanne Staggenborg, "The Pro-choice Movement: Organization and Activism in the Abortion Conflict", Oxford University Press US, ISBN 0195089251, [http://books.google.com/books?id=3oRBOuEvz30C&pg=PA189&dq=difference+between+a+social+movement+and+a+social++movement+industry&sig=ACfU3U3Qg4xGT6r3xfT4i1Sm3Jm7vxUWDQ Google Print, p. 189] ]

The term SMO entered the literature through the work of Zald and Ash (1966). [Zald, Mayer N. and Roberta Ash, "Social Movement Organizations: Growth, Decay and Change." Social Forces 44:327-341]

ee also

*Interest group

Notes

Further reading

* Crabtree, Charity. "Where Culture, Structure, and the Individual Meet: A Social Movement Organization in Action" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Marriott Hotel, Loews Philadelphia Hotel, Philadelphia, PA, Aug 12, 2005 [http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p23013_index.html Online]
* Jo Freeman, "A Model for Analyzing the Strategic Options of Social Movement Organizations", n The Dynamics of Social Movements ed. by Mayer N. Zald and John D. McCarthy, Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop Publishers, 1979, pp. 167-189. [http://www.jofreeman.com/socialmovements/analyzesoc.htm Revised edition online] .
* Jo Freeman, "CRISES AND CONFLICTS IN SOCIAL MOVEMENT ORGANIZATIONS", Chrysalis: A Magazine of Women's Culture, No. 5, 1978, pp. 43-51.
* Manuel Hensmans, "Social Movement Organizations: A Metaphor for Strategic Actors in Institutional Fields", Organization Studies, Vol. 24, No. 3, 355-381 (2003) [http://oss.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/24/3/355 SAGE]
* Jeff Goodwin, James M. Jasper, "The Social Movements Reader: Cases and Concepts", Blackwell Publishing, 2003, ISBN 0631221964
* Mayer N. Zald and Roberta Ash, "Social Movement Organizations: Growth, Decay and Change", Social Forces, Vol. 44, No. 3 (Mar., 1966), pp. 327-341, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2575833 JSTOR]
* Zald, Mayer N. and McCarthy, John D., "Social Movement Industries: Competition and Cooperation Among Movement Organizations", 1979, working paper, [http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/50975]

External links

* [http://www.pineforge.com/leonguerrerostudy/policy_guide/studying_a_social_movement_organization.htm Policy Guide: Studying a Social Movement Organization]