Kern Front Oil Field

The Kern Front Oil Field is a large oil and gas field in the lower Sierra Nevada foothills in Kern County, California. Discovered in 1912, and with a cumulative production of around convert|210|Moilbbl|m3 of oil, it ranks 29th in size in the state, and is believed to retain approximately ten percent of its original oil (approximately 22 million barrels), according to the official estimates of the California Department of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources (DOGGR). [ [ftp://ftp.consrv.ca.gov/pub/oil/annual_reports/2006/0102stats_06.pdf California Department of Conservation, Oil and Gas Statistics, Annual Report, December 31, 2006] , p. 67] It is adjacent to the much larger Kern River Oil Field, which is to the southeast, and the Mount Poso Oil Field to the north.

etting

The Kern Front Field is approximately five miles due north of the city of Oildale, and ten miles (16 km) north of Bakersfield, in the first gentle rise of the hills above the floor of the San Joaquin Valley. It is about six miles (10 km) long by two and a half across, with the long axis being in the north-south direction, comprising a productive surface area of convert|5495|acre|km2. Elevations vary from approximately 500 to convert|1000|ft|m above sea level. The field is relatively spread out, especially compared to the exceedingly dense development in the adjacent Kern River Oil Field, which has one of the densest oil developments in the United States, with over 9,000 oil wells clustered in just several square miles. The Kern Front Field is bounded on the west by California State Route 65, on the southwest by James Road, and on the southeast by Bakersfield-Glennville Road. Oilfields Road runs south to north through the field.

Being within the ecological subsection of the California Central Valley known as the Hardpan Terraces, at an elevation of less than convert|1000|ft|m, the predominant native vegetation is needlegrass. The climate is hot and arid, with summertime temperatures routinely exceeding convert|100|°F|°C; the mean freeze-free period runs from about 250 to 300 days. Mean annual precipitation is around convert|10|in|mm, almost all as rain and almost all in the winter; summers are charactistically rainless. [ [http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/projects/ecoregions/262ag.htm Hardpan Terraces subregion description] ]

Geology

The Kern Front Field contains two major producing units, the Etchegoin Formation and the Chanac, both sedimentary, but unconformably overlain. The Etchegoin is a Pliocene marine sand, and the Chanac is a Pliocene non-marine sand. Each is interbedded with silts and clays, and the sands have a high porosity, ranging from 25-33 percent, making them singularly suitable as petroleum reservoirs. Overlying the Etchegoin and Chanac formations is the Pleistocene Kern River Formation, which is highly productive in the adjacent Kern River Oil Field. These units all have a northwest strike and a small southwest dip. A large north-trending fault on the east side of the field provides a structural seal on that side; on the northeast, the up-dip side of the field, the sands grade into relatively impermeable silts and clays, providing a seal in that direction. Many small southwest-trending faults run across the field. The California DOGGR recognizes only one producing pool – the Etchegoin-Chanac – and commingles the production data. [DOGGR, p. 230-231] [Bellaire oil: Kern Front Geology]

Many sedimentary units underlie these petroleum-bearing sands, but they either have not produced much oil or have not been completely explored. Basement rocks – the granitic complex representing the huge Sierra Nevada batholith, and probably of late Jurassic age – occur at a depth of approximately convert|7000|ft|m. The deepest well on the Kern Front Field, the Atlantic Richfield Company "Kramer No. 1", reached a depth of convert|7738|ft|m before bumping into the basement –complex. [DOGGR, p. 230]

Oil from the field is heavy crude, with an API gravity averaging 14, and a sulfur content of 0.9 percent by weight. Since this oil is heavy, it is viscous and flows easily only when assisted by steam injection or other enhanced recovery techniques.

The average depth of the oil bearing units is about convert|2300|ft|m, and the thickness of the oil-bearing strata ranges from 100 to convert|700|ft|m. Since the depth of the oil is relatively shallow, the temperature is relatively low, at only 100 degrees Fahrenheit (many of the deeper zones in Central Valley oil fields produce oil over convert|200|°F|°C, a greater safety hazard to workers). In 1983, the date of DOGGR's data compilation, the water table in the field was at convert|2500|ft|m below ground surface. [DOGGR, p. 231]

History, production, and operations

Standard Oil Company of California discovered the field in 1912 with the drilling of their Well No. 1, into the Etchegoin pool, to a depth of convert|2836|ft|m. The well still exists, as Chevron Corp. Well No. 1. Peak production for the field was in 1929, during which convert|4535029|oilbbl|m3 of oil were pumped from the ground. [DOGGR, p. 231]

Production steadily declined from that peak until the invention of the steam injection method in the 1960s. Cyclic steam injection (the "huff and puff method" began in 1964, and production again rose, as the heavy oil flowed more freely to pumping wells. In 1978, former operator Chevron Corp. began steam flooding in the southern portion of the field, and Century Oil Management did the same in the northern portion. Gas production on the field peaked in 1980. [DOGGR, p. 231]

One of the current operators, Tearlach Resources, has claimed that the field may actually contain a potential reserve of convert|500|Moilbbl|m3. This estimate is based on work done by the operators of the field in 1990, Mobil, ARCO and Occidental, and involves both recovering previously uneconomic deposits, as well as exploring deeper, previously unexplored zones, which some of the geologists believed may be petroleum-bearing. [ [http://www.tearlach.ca/investor_info/news_releases//index.php?&content_id=42 News release, 20 April 2007] ]

As of 2006, there were 760 producing oil wells on the field. [ [ftp://ftp.consrv.ca.gov/pub/oil/annual_reports/2006/0102stats_06.pdf California Department of Conservation, Oil and Gas Statistics, Annual Report, December 31, 2006] , p. 67] If some of the current proposals for further exploration and development are enacted, such as those by Tearlach, this number could increase considerably.

Current operators include Bellaire, Vintage, E&B Natural Resource Management, West American Energy Corp., and a few others. [ [http://opi.consrv.ca.gov/opi/opi.dll/WellList?UsrP_ID=100103239&FormStack=Main%2CField%2CWellList&SortFields=WMtr_WellStatus&NewSortFields=WMtr_WellStatus&GotoPage=1&PriorState=Fld__Code%3D338%2CEncoded%3DTrue California DOGGR database query page] ] The field operators deliver all wastewater from oil production to Valley Waste Disposal. [Bellaire]

References

* "California Oil and Gas Fields, Volumes I, II and III". Vol. I (1998), Vol. II (1992), Vol. III (1982). California Department of Conservation, Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources (DOGGR). 1,472 pp. McKittrick Oil Field information pp. 268-272. PDF file available on CD from www.consrv.ca.gov.
* "California Department of Conservation, Oil and Gas Statistics, Annual Report, December 31, 2006."
* [http://tunafizzle.tripod.com/Bellarie%20oil%20information.htm Bellaire Oil Company: description of geology, production, and operations at the Kern Front Field]

Notes