Hubert Walter

Infobox Archbishop of Canterbury
Full name = Hubert Walter


birth_name =
consecration = 29 May 1193
began = 7 November 1193
term_end = 13 July 1205
predecessor = Reginald Fitz Jocelin
successor = John de Gray
birth_date = c. 1160
death_date = 12 July 1205
tomb =Trinity Chapel in Canterbury Cathedral

Hubert Walter (c. 1160–13 July 1205) was an influential royal adviser in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries in the positions of chief justiciar of England, archbishop of Canterbury, and Lord Chancellor. As chancellor, Walter began the keeping of the Charter Roll, a record of all charters issued by the chancery. Walter was not noted for his holiness in life or learning, but historians have judged him one of the most outstanding government ministers in English history.

Walter owed his early advancement to his uncle Ranulf de Glanvill, who helped him become a clerk of the Exchequer. Walter served King Henry II of England in many different ways, not just in financial administration, including diplomatic and judicial efforts. After an unsuccessful candidacy to the see of York, Walter was elected Bishop of Salisbury shortly after the accession of King Henry's son Richard I to the throne of England.

Walter accompanied King Richard on the Third Crusade, and was one of the principals involved in raising Richard's ransom after the king was captured in Germany on his return from the Holy Land. As a reward for his faithful service, Walter was selected to become the next Archbishop of Canterbury in 1193. He also served as Richard's justiciar until 1198, in which role he was responsible for raising the money Richard needed to prosecute his wars in France. Walter set up a system which was the precursor for the modern justices of the peace, based on selecting four knights in each hundred to administer justice. He also revived his predecessor's dispute over setting up a church to rival Christ Church Priory in Canterbury, which was only settled when the pope ordered him to abandon the plan. Following Richard's death in 1199, Walter helped assure the elevation of Richard's brother John to the throne. Walter also served John as a diplomat, undertaking several missions to France.

Early life

Walter was the son of Hervey WalterGreenway [http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=10458 "Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 6: York"] ] and his wife Maud de Valoignes, one of the daughters (and co-heiresses) of Theobald de Valoignes, who was lord of Parham in Suffolk. Walter was one of six brothers. The eldest brother, Theobald Walter, and Walter himself, were helped in their careers by their uncle, Ranulf de Glanvill.Cokayne "The Complete Peerage: Volume Two" p. 447] Glanvill was the chief justiciar for Henry II; and was married to Martha de Valoignes sister, Bertha. Walter's father and paternal grandfather held lands in Suffolk and Norfolk, which were inherited by Theobald.Young "Hubert Walter" pp. 4–5] A younger brother, Osbert, became a royal justice and died in 1206. Roger, Hamo (or Hamon) and Bartholomew only appear as witnesses to charters.Stacey "Walter, Hubert (d. 1205)" "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"] Walter's father and paternal grandfather held lands in Suffolk and Norfolk, which were inherited by Theobald.Young "Hubert Walter" pp. 4–5]

Walter's family was from West Dereham in Norfolk, which is probably where Walter was born.Young "Hubert Walter" p. 5] Walter first appears in Glanvill's household in a charter that has been dated to 1178, although as it is undated it may have been written as late as 1180.Young "Hubert Walter" p. 3 and footnote 1] His brother Theobald also served in their uncle's household.Young "Hubert Walter" p. 4] Walter's gratitude towards his aunt and uncle is shown in the foundation charter of Walter's monastery in Dereham, where he asks the foundation to pray for the "souls of Ranulf Glanvill and Bertha his wife, who nourished us".quoted in Young "Hubert Walter" p. 4] Earlier historians asserted that Walter studied law at Bologna, based on his name appearing in a list of those to be commemorated at a monastery in Bologna in which English students lodged. Modern historians have discounted this however, as the list also includes benefactors, not just students; other evidence points to the fact that Walter had a poor grasp of Latin, and did not consider himself to be a learned man.Young "Hubert Walter" pp. 7–8]

Early assignments

By 1184–1185 Walter had a position as a baron of the exchequer. The king employed him on different tasks, including as a negotiator, a justice, and as a royal secretary. He was appointed Dean of York by order of King Henry II about July 1186. The archbishopric had been vacant since 1181 and would remain so until 1189, so it was Walter's job as dean to administer the archbishopric of York.Young "Hubert Walter" p. 19] Walter also was an unsuccessful candidate to become Archbishop of York in September 1186.#tag:ref|The cathedral chapter at York presented five possible candidates to the king for his approval, but all five were rejected. It is not clear why all the names were rejected, but quite possibly it had nothing to do with the suitability of the candidates but rather stemmed from the king's desire to continue to keep the see vacant in order to keep receiving the income of York, which went to the king when a see was vacant. [Young "Hubert Walter" p. 19] |group=notes The medieval chronicler Gervase of Canterbury said that during Henry II's reign, Walter "ruled England because Glanvill sought his counsel".Young "Hubert Walter" p. 15] Documents also show Walter active in the administration of the diocese of York.Young "Hubert Walter" pp. 20–21]

At the same time he was administering York, Walter founded a Premonstratensian house of canons on purchased property at West Dereham, Norfolk in 1188.Knowles "The Monastic Order in England" p. 360] His uncle and other family members had favoured the Premonstratensian Order, and this monastery was located near the family lands in Norfolk.Young "Hubert Walter" p. 22]

In 1187 Walter, along with Glanvill and King Henry II, attempted to mediate a dispute between the Archbishop of Canterbury, Baldwin of Exeter, and the monks of the cathedral chapter. Their efforts were fruitless, and Walter was later drawn back into the dispute, in early 1189 and again as archbishop. The dispute centered around the attempt by Baldwin to build a church dedicated to Saint Thomas Becket just outside of the town of Canterbury. The plan was for the church to be staffed by canons, not monks, and the monks of Canterbury's cathedral chapter feared that this was an attempt to take away the cathedral chapter's right to elect the archbishop.Young "Hubert Walter" pp. 13–15] The attempt in 1189 was settled by Baldwin giving up the site near Canterbury for a site further away at Lambeth, which was less threatening to the monks.Young "Hubert Walter" pp. 29–30]

Bishop of Salisbury

After the death of King Henry in 1189, the new King Richard I appointed Walter Bishop of Salisbury; the election took place on 15 September 1189 at Pipewell, with the consecration on 22 October 1189 at Westminster.Fryde "Handbook of British Chronology" p. 270] Greenway [http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=34219 "Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: volume 4: Salisbury"] ] Also elected to bishoprics at this council were Godfrey de Lucy to the see of Winchester, Richard FitzNeal to the see of London, and William Longchamp to the see of Ely. The elevation of so many new bishops was probably meant to signal the new king's break with his father's habit of keeping bishoprics empty in order to retain the revenues of the sees.Gillingham "Richard I" p. 109] #tag:ref|This process of appropriating the revenues of a vacant see was known as Regalian right. [Coredon "A Dictionary of Medieval Terms & Phrases" p. 236] |group=notes At about the same time Glanvill was either forced out of his justiciarship or resigned, but the sources are unclear.Young "Hubert Walter" p. 23] Walter was probably elevated to a bishopric even though his uncle had lost some of his power because of political manoeuvring over the elevation of King Richard's illegitimate half-brother Geoffrey to the see of York, which Walter had at first opposed. The bishopric was either a reward or a bribe for Walter's withdrawal of his objections to Geoffrey's election.Young "Hubert Walter" pp. 25–26] #tag:ref|Geoffrey was elected to York partly in fulfillment of King Henry's dying wish, and partly to place Geoffrey in holy orders and thus unable to contest for the English crown. However, the cathedral chapter had elected Walter shortly before Geoffrey's appointment, and for a short while, Walter appealed to Rome. [Turner "Richard Lionheart and English Episcopal Elections" "Albion" pp. 4–5] |group=notes Soon after his appointment, Walter accompanied the king on the Third Crusade,Bartlett "England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings" p. 115] going ahead of the king directly from Marseille to the Holy Land in a group which included Baldwin of Exeter, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Ranulf de Glanvill.Gillingham "Richard I" p. 129] The group left Marseille in August 1190, and arrived two months later.Tyerman "God's War" p. 429] While on crusade, he was praised by his fellow crusaders, and acted as Richard’s principal negotiator with Saladin for a peace treaty.Gillingham "Richard I" pp. 238–240] After the conclusion of the treaty with Saladin, Walter was in the first band of pilgrims that entered Jerusalem. Saladin entertained Walter during his stay in Jerusalem, and the Englishman succeeded in extracting a promise from Saladin that a small group of Western clergy would be allowed to remain in the city to perform divine services.Tyerman "God's War" p. 471] Walter subsequently led the English army back to England after Richard's departure from Palestine, but in Sicily he heard of the king's capture, and diverted to Germany. He, along with William of Sainte-Mère-Eglise, was among the first of Richard's subjects to find the king at Ochsenfurt where he was being held. In April 1193 he returned to England to raise the king's ransom. Richard wrote to his mother, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, that Walter should be chosen for the see of Canterbury, as well as to the monks of the cathedral chapter,Turner "Richard Lionheart and English Episcopal Elections" "Albion" p. 8] and soon after Walter's return to England, he was duly elected archbishop of Canterbury, having been transferred to the see on 29 May 1193.Fryde "Handbook of British Chronology" p. 232] He was chosen as archbishop without consultation from the bishops, who normally claimed the right to help decide the new archbishop.Jones "King John and Magna Carta" p. 35] He received his pallium, the symbol of his archiepiscopal authority, and was ceremonially enthroned at Canterbury on 7 November 1193,Young "Hubert Walter" p. 45] and was made justiciar about 25 December 1193.Fryde "Handbook of British Chronology" p. 71]

Justiciar

Infobox Officeholder
honorific-prefix =
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caption =
order =
office = Chief Justiciar of England
term_start =1193
term_end =1198
vicepresident =
viceprimeminister =
deputy =
lieutenant =
monarch = Richard I
predecessor = Walter de Coutances
successor = Geoffrey Fitz Peter
constituency =
majority =
order2 = 24th
office2 = Lord Chancellor
term_start2 =1199
term_end2 =1205
monarch2 =John
predecessor2 =Eustace, Dean of Salisbury
successor2 = Walter de Gray
constituency2 =
majority2 =
order3 =
office3 = baron of the exchequer
term_start3 =1184
term_end3 =1185
monarch = Henry II
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website =
footnotes =After Richard was freed, he spent little time in England, instead concentrating on the war with King Philip II Augustus of France, which began with Philip's attempts to acquire Richard's possessions on the continent. Walter remained in England, raising money for the king's wars and overseeing the administration of the kingdom. The constant warfare forced Walter to find new means of raising money. The historian Doris Stenton wrote that the Pipe Rolls, or financial records, during Walter's time as justiciar "give the impression of a country taxed to the limit".Quoted in Young "Hubert Walter" p. 49] Walter also was responsible for choosing royal justices, and many of his choices were connected with, or had previously worked with, the archbishop in the royal administration.Young "Hubert Walter" p. 51]

One of Walter's first acts as justiciar was in February 1194, when he presided over a feudal judgement of Prince John. After Richard's release from captivity, John, intending to begin a rebellion, had prepared his castles for defence. His letters ordering the preparations were intercepted and John was deprived of his lands.Powell "The House of Lords in the Middle Ages" pp. 101–102] When John showed no signs of submitting, Walter called an ecclesiastical council at Westminster for the purposes of excommunicating John unless he submitted.Jones "King John and Magna Carta" pp. 5–6] John refused to submit, and was excommunicated.Young "Hubert Walter" pp. 52–53] To defeat the rebellion, Walter was required to lay siege to Marlborough Castle himself.Jones "King John and Magna Carta" p. 62] Walter employed his brother Theobald in similar actions in Lancaster, and rewarded him with the office of sheriff of Lancaster.Joliffe "Angevin Kingship" p. 66] Eventually in May 1194, John made peace with Richard, and was restored to favour, although the restoration of his lands did not occur until late in 1195.Turner "King John" pp. 38–39]

Walter's chief administrative measures were his instructions to the itinerant justices of 1194 and 1198, his ordinance of 1195, an attempt to increase order in the kingdom, and in his plan in 1198 for the assessment of a land tax. In 1194 the justices were ordered to secure the election of four coroners by each county court. The coroners were to "keep," or register, royal pleas, which had previously been a duty of the sheriff. The juries were to be chosen by a committee of four knights, also elected by the county court.Powell "The House of Lords in the Middle Ages" pp. 102–105] This introduction of coroners and constables eventually led to a change in the role of sheriffs, and a lessening of their importance in royal administration.Carpenter "Decline of the Curial Sheriff" "English Historical Review" p. 4]

He also worked to introduce order into the lending of money by Jewish moneylenders, and organised a system where the royal officials worked to combat fraud by both parties in the business of Jewish money lending.Young "Hubert Walter" pp. 118–119] Walter also is probably the originator of the custom of keeping an archival copy of all charters, letters, patents and feet of fines, or record of agreements reached in the royal courts, in the .Bartlett "England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings" p. 200] Chrimes "An Introduction to the Administrative History of Mediaeval England" pp. 75–76] Saul "Fine" "A Companion to Medieval England" p. 105]

In 1195 Walter issued an ordinance by which four knights were to be appointed in every hundred to act as guardians of the peace, a precursor to the office of Justice of the Peace. His use of the knights, who appear for the first time in political life, is the first sign of the rise of this class who, either as members of parliament or justices of the peace, later became the mainstay of English government. In 1198, Walter requested a carucage, or plough-tax, of five shillings on every plough-land, or carucate, under cultivation. However, difficulties arose over the assessments, so the justiciar ordered them to be made by a sworn jury in every hundred. It is likely that those jurors were elected.

In foreign affairs, Walter negotiated with Scotland in 1195 and with the Welsh in 1197. Negotiations with Scotland were over Scotland's claim to Northumbria, or northern England, claimed by the Scots. Negotiations broke down, but relations between the two countries remained good through the rest of Richard's reign.Gillingham "Richard I" p. 279] Talks with the Welsh began after the English lords Roger Mortimer and William de Briouze expanded into Welsh territory in 1195, causing a concern that the Welsh lord Rhys ap Gruffydd would strike back across the border.Gillingham "Richard I" p. 280] In 1196, Walter quickly suppressed a popular uprising in London led by William Fitz Osbern.Bartlett "England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings" p. 345] FitzOsbern was an orator, who harnessed the discontent of the poor residents of London against high taxes. His oratory provoked a riot in London, and he was apprehended and hanged on Walter's orders.Young "Hubert Walter" pp. 127–128]

Ecclesiastical affairs and resignation

Walter held a legateship from Pope Celestine III from 1195 to 1198, which enabled him to act with the pope's delegated authority within the English Church.Bartlett "England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings" p. 411] Walter actively investigated ecclesiastical misconduct, and deposed several abbots, including Robert of Thorney Abbey in 1195 and an abbot of St Mary's in the province of the Archbishop of York.Knowles "The Monastic Order in England" pp. 651–652] At the monastic cathedral of Worcester, he disciplined the monks between the death of Henry de Sully and the election of John of Coutances, as was his right as the archbishop of the province.Knowles "The Monastic Order in England" p. 654] In his own diocese, he granted markets and fairs to towns, and was granted the privilege of minting coins at Shrewsbury, and worked to recover lands and manors that had been lost to the archdiocese.Young "Hubert Walter" p. 73]

He revived the scheme of his predecessor, Baldwin of Exeter, to found a church in Canterbury that would be secular and not monastic. He promised that the new foundation's canons would not be allowed to vote in archiepiscopal elections nor would the body of Saint Thomas Becket ever be moved to the new church, but the monks of his cathedral chapter were suspicious and appealed to the papacy. The dispute from the time of Baldwin of Exeter flared up again, with the papacy supporting the monks and the king supporting the archbishop. Finally, Pope Innocent III ruled for the monks and ordered Walter to destroy what had been built.Knowles "The Monastic Order in England" pp. 324–328]

The archbishop held ecclesiastical councils, including one at York in 1195 which legislated that the clergy should collect their tithes in full, "without any reduction".Moorman "Church Life in England in the Thirteenth Century" pp. 111–112] Another council was held at London in 1200 to legislate the size and composition of clerical retinues,Moorman "Church Life in England in the Thirteenth Century" p. 121] and also ruled that the clergy, when saying Mass, should speak clearly and not speed up or slow down their speech.Moorman "Church Life in England in the Thirteenth Century" p. 226] At the request of the papacy, Walter also led inquiries into the canonizations of Gilbert of Sempringham and Wulfstan of Worcester.Young "Hubert Walter" pp. 141–142] Walter refused to acquiesce in the election of Gerald of Wales to the see of St David's in Wales and opposed the efforts of Gerald and others to elevate St David's to an archbishopric.Mortimer "Angevin England" p. 208]

In the later part of Richard's reign, the pressures mounted on Walter. Conflicts between his ecclesiastical duties and his government duties made him the target of criticism from both sides. A dispute in December 1197, over Richard's demand that the magnates of England provide 300 knights to serve in France, led to renewed grumbling among the clergy and barons. Richard was dissatisfied with the results of the carucage in 1198 also, so Walter resigned on July 11, 1198. Walter may have resigned willingly, as he had talked of resigning his secular duties since 1194.Gillingham "Richard I" pp. 280–281] Some medieval sources, however, stated that he was forced out of office by the king.Young "Hubert Walter" pp. 129–130]

Under John

According to the "Life of William Marshal", which dates to soon after 1219, when word reached William Marshal, one of the richest and most influential barons, that Richard was dead, he consulted with Walter and discussed whom to support as the next king. Marshal's choice was John, but Walter initially leaned towards John's young nephew Arthur of Brittany. When Marshall was insistent on John, who was an adult, the author of the "Life" has Walter say in reply " 'So be it then,' said the archbishop, 'but mark my words, Marshal, you will never regret anything in your life as much as this.'"quoted in Warren "King John" p. 49] This is almost certainly a retrospective comment that has been inserted into the biography, however, based on John's later behaviour. Once John knew he had the support of Walter and William Marshal, he sent Walter ahead to England to request all free men to pledge fealty to the new king.Bartlett "England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings" p. 124] On 27 May 1199 Walter crowned King John, supposedly making a speech which promulgated for the last time the theory of a king's election by the people. This story is only contained in the writings of Matthew Paris, however, and although it seems certain that Walter made a speech, it is not certain what the exact contents were.Petit-Dutaillis "The Feudal Monarchy in France and England" pp. 117–118] On his coronation day, John appointed Walter Lord Chancellor. W. L. Warren, historian and author of a biography of John, says of Walter that "No one living had a firmer grasp of the intricacies of royal government, yet even in old age his mind was adaptable and fecund with suggestions for coping with new problems."Warren "King John" pp. 134–135]

One of Walter's first suggestions was to lower the fees for having charters confirmed, from nine pounds and five shillings to eighteen shillings and four pence. Accompanying this measure was a requirement that no charter would be accepted in a king's court without having been confirmed by King John. Not only did this reduce forgeries, it led to the establishment of the Charter Roll, an administrative copy of all charters issued and confirmed by the government. In his relations with other officers, Walter worked closely with the justiciar Geoffrey Fitz Peter, on the collection of taxation, and both men went to Wales in 1203 on a diplomatic mission. Another joint action of the two men concerned a tax of a seventh part of all movables collected from both lay and ecclesiastical persons. The medieval chronicler Roger of Wendover said that the king "had Archbishop Hubert of Canterbury to act for him in the matter of the church property, Geoffrey fitz-Peter in the matter of lay property; and these two spared no one in carrying out their orders."Quoted in Cheney "Levies on the English clergy" "The English Historical Review" p. 578] Cheney "Levies on the English clergy" "The English Historical Review" p. 578]

In 1201 Walter went on a diplomatic mission to Philip Augustus of France, which was unsuccessful, and in 1202 he returned to England as regent while John was abroad. In April 1204 Walter returned to France with John de Gray the Bishop of Norwich, Eustace the Bishop of Ely, William Marshal, and Robert de Beaumont the Earl of Leicester to seek peace with Philip Augustus. Philip insisted that John hand over Arthur of Brittany, Arthur's sister Eleanor, and renounce all of his continental possessions before the French king would make peace. This John refused to do, and the embassy returned to England not long before Philip conquered Normandy.Warren "King John" pp. 96–97]

Besides sending Walter on diplomatic missions, King John gave Walter custody of Rochester Castle on 20 July 1202, but as Walter was already accounting for the taxes and fees of the city of Rochester to the Exchequer in 1200, it is possible that he held the castle before 1202.Young "Hubert Walter" pp. 74–75] John also upheld the right of the archbishop to mint coins, which Walter held until his death in 1205.Young "Hubert Walter" p. 76]

Under John, Walter continued to be active in ecclesiastical affairs, and in September 1200 held a provincial church council at London. This council set forth 14 canons, or decrees, which dealt with a number of subjects, including doctrinal concerns, financial affairs, and the duties of the clergy. It drew heavily on earlier church decrees, including those of the Third Lateran Council of 1179.Young "Hubert Walter" pp. 102–103] Walter also interceded with Pope Innocent III in 1200, mediating between the pope and the king over a royal dispute with the Cistercians. Walter's intercession prevented the dispute from escalating, and keeping the pope from imposing sanctions on the king for his threats to the Cistercians.Harper-Bill "John and the Church" "King John" p. 303]

Death and legacy

Walter died on 13 July 1205, after a long illness that permitted a reconciliation with his monks.Knowles "The Monastic Order in England" p. 363] He was buried in the Trinity Chapel in Canterbury Cathedral, next to Saint Thomas Becket, where his tomb can still be seen.Bartlett "England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings" p. 595] The medieval chronicler Matthew Paris retold the story that when King John heard of Walter's death, the king exclaimed "Now for the first time I am king of England".Quoted in Gillingham "The Historian as Judge" "The English Historical Review"] This story, however entertaining, is apocryphal.Gillingham "The Historian as Judge" "The English Historical Review"]

Walter was not a holy man, although he was, as John Gillingham, a historian and biographer of Richard I, says, "one of the most outstanding government ministers in English History".Gillingham "Richard I" p. 274] Saint Hugh of Lincoln, a contemporary, is said to have asked forgiveness of God for not having rebuked Walter as often as he probably should have.Gillingham "Richard I" p. 274] Modern historians tend not to share the older view that Walter was the driving force behind the administrative changes during Richard's reign, that Richard was uninterested in government, and that he left all decisions in the hands of his ministers, especially Longchamp and Walter.Chrimes "An Introduction to the Administrative History of Mediaeval England" pp. 42–43] The studies of James Holt and others have shown that Richard was highly involved in government decisions, and that it was more a partnership between the king and his ministers.Gillingham "Richard I" pp. 275–276] Walter was, however, very innovative in his approach to government.Mortimer "Angevin England" p. 70]

Walter was the butt of jokes about his lack of learning,Gillingham "Richard I" p. 256] and was the target of a series of tales from the pen of the chronicler Gerald of Wales, an enemy of the archbishop. Even Walter's supporters could only state that he was "moderately literate".quoted in Bartlett "England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings" p. 485] Walter's lack of learning earned the scorn of scholars, especially Gerald of Wales.Moorman "Church Life in England in the Thirteenth Century" p. 159] However, Walter did employ a number of canon lawyers in his household.Young "Hubert Walter" pp. 57–58] He also employed the architect Elias of Dereham, who was one of Walter's executors. Elias is traditionally credited as being the architect of Salisbury Cathedral after Walter's death.Young "Hubert Walter" pp. 61–62] Another scholar employed by Walter was Peter of Blois, who served both Walter and his predecessor as a Latin secretary.Turner "Reputation of Royal Judges" "Albion" p. 309] Also employed were canon lawyers, who had been educated at Bologna.Turner "Roman Law" "Journal of British Studies" p. 9]

W. L. Warren advances the theory that either Walter or Geoffrey Fitz Peter, instead of Ranulf Glanvill, was the author of "Tractatus de legibus et consuetudinibus regni Angliae," a legal treatise on the laws and constitutions of the English.Warren "King John" p. 127] Chrimes agrees that Glanvill was probably not the author, and feels that Walter likely was, although he could not be certain.Chrimes "An Introduction to the Administrative History of Mediaeval England" p. 40] If he was the author, he composed what Chrimes called a "great literary memorial of Henry II's government".Chrimes "An Introduction to the Administrative History of Mediaeval England" p. 52]

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Persondata
NAME= Walter, Hubert
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION= Lord Chancellor of England; Bishop of Salisbury; Archbishop of Canterbury; Chief Justiciar of England
DATE OF BIRTH=circa 1160
PLACE OF BIRTH=
DATE OF DEATH= 13 July 1205
PLACE OF DEATH=Canterbury, Kent