Temperament and Character Inventory

Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) is an inventory for personality traits devised by Cloninger "et al." [Cite book
author = C. Robert Cloninger
title = The temperament and character inventory (TCI): A guide to its development and use
publisher = Center for Psychobiology of Personality, Washington University
location = St. Louis, MO
year = 1994] It is closely related to and an outgrowth of Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), and it has also been related to Zuckerman's and Eysenck's dimension of personality. [Cite journal
author = Marvin Zuckerman and C. Robert Cloninger
title = Relationships between Cloninger's, Zuckerman's, and Eysenck's dimensions of personality
journal = Personality and Individual Differences
volume = 21
issue = 2
month = August
year = 1996
pages = 283–285
doi = 10.1016/0191-8869(96)00042-6 ] TCI operates with seven dimensions of personality traits with four so-called "temperaments" [Cite web
title = Temperament & Character Inventory
url = https://psychobiology.wustl.edu/whatistci.html
publisher = Center for Well-being, Washington University in St. Louis]
* Novelty Seeking (NS)
* Harm Avoidance (HA)
* Reward Dependence (RD)
* Persistence (PS)and further three so-called "characters"
* Self-Directedness (SD)
* Cooperativeness (CO)
* Self-Transcendence (ST)Each of these traits have a varying number of subscales.The dimensions are determined from a 240-items questionnaire.

Versions

Originally developed in English TCI has been translated to other languages, e.g., Swedish, [Cite journal
author = S. Brandstrom, P. Schlette, T. R. Przybeck, M. Lundberg, T. Forsgren, S. Sigvardsson, P. O. Nylander, L. G. Nilsson, R. C. Cloninger & R. Adolfsson
title = Swedish normative data on personality using the Temperament and Character Inventory
journal = Comprehensive Psychiatry
volume = 39
issue = 3
pages = 122–128
year = 1998
month = May-June
pmid = 9606577] Japanese, Dutch, German, Korean, [Cite journal
author = In Kyoon Lyoo, Chang Hwan Han, Soo Jin Lee, Sook Kyeong Yune, Ji Hyun Ha, Sun Joo Chung, Hyunsoo Choi, Cheon Seok Seo & Kang-E. M. Hong
title = The reliability and validity of the junior temperament and character inventory
journal = Comprehensive Psychiatry
volume = 45
issue = 2
pages = 121–128
year = 2004
month = March-April
doi = 10.1016/j.comppsych.2003.12.002
pmid = 14999663] Finnish, Chinese and French.There is also a revised version "TCI-R". Whereas the original TCI had statements that the subject should indicate whether true or false the TCI-R has a five point rating for each statement.189 of the 240 statements are common between the two versions.The revised version has been translated into Spanish, [Cite journal
author = J. A. Gutierrez-Zotes, C. Bayon, C. Montserrat, J. Valero, A. Labad, C. R. Cloninger & F. Fernandez-Aranda
title = Temperament and Character Inventory Revised (TCI-R). Standardization and normative data in a general population sample
journal = Actas espanolas de psiquiatria
volume = 32
issue = 1
pages = 8–5
year = 2004
month = January-February
pmid = 14963776] French, [Cite journal
author = A. Pelissolo, L. Mallet, J.-M. Baleyte, G. Michel, C. R. Cloninger, J.-F. Allilaire, R. Jouvent
title = The Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R): psychometric characteristics of the French version
journal = Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
year = 2005
volume = 112
issue = 2
pages = 126–133] Czech, [Cite journal
author = Marek Preiss, Jirina Kucharova, Tomas Novak & Hana Stepankova
title = The temperament and character inventory-revised (TCI-R): a psychometric characteristics of the Czech version
journal = Psychiatria Danubina
volume = 19
issue = 1-2
pages = 27–24
year = 2007
month = June
pmid = 17603413] and Italian. [Cite journal
author = Andrea Fossati, C. Robert Cloninger, Daniele Villa, Serena Borroni, Federica Grazioli, Laura Giarolli, Marco Battaglia & Cesare Maffei
title = Reliability and validity of the Italian version of the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised in an outpatient sample
journal = Comprehensive Psychiatry
volume = 48
issue = 4
pages = 380–387
year = 2007
month = July-August
doi = 10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.02.003
pmid = 17560961] The number of subscales on the different top level traits are different between TCI and TCI-R.The subscales of the TCI-R are:
* Novelty seeking (NS)
*# Exploratory excitability (NS1)
*# Impulsiveness (NS2)
*# Extravagance (NS3)
*# Disorderliness (NS4)
* Harm avoidance (HA)
*# Anticipatory worry (HA1)
*# Fear of uncertainty (HA2)
*# Shyness (HA3)
*# Fatigability (HA4)
* Reward dependence (RD)
*# Sentimentality (RD1)
*# Openness to warm communication (RD2)
*# Attachment (RD3)
*# Dependence (RD4)
* Persistence (PS)
*# Eagerness of effort (PS1)
*# Work hardened (PS2)
*# Ambitious (PS3)
*# Perfectionist (PS4)
* Self-directedness (SD)
*# Responsibility (SD1)
*# Purposeful (SD2)
*# Resourcefulness (SD3)
*# Self-acceptance (SD4)
*# Enlightened second nature (SD5)
* Cooperativeness (C)
*# Social acceptance (C1)
*# Empathy (C2)
*# Helpfulness (C3)
*# Compassion (C4)
*# Pure-hearted conscience (C5)
* Self-transcendence (ST)
*# Self-forgetful (ST1)
*# Transpersonal identification (ST2)
*# Spiritual acceptance (ST3)

Neurobiological foundation

TCI has been used for investigating the neurobiological foundation for personality together with other research modalities, e.g., with molecular neuroimaging,Cite journal
author = Jacqueline Borg, Bengt Andrée, Henrik Soderstrom, Lars Farde
title = The Serotonin System and Spiritual Experiences
journal = American Journal of Psychiatry
volume = 160
issue = 11
month = November
year = 2003
pages = 1965–1969
url = http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/160/11/1965
doi = 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.11.1965] structural neuroimaging [Cite journal
author = Hidenori Yamasue, Osamu Abe, Motomu Suga, Haruyasu Yamada, Hideyuki Inoue, Mamoru Tochigi, Mark Rogers, Shigeki Aoki, Nobumasa Kato & Kiyoto Kasai
title = Gender-common and -specific neuroanatomical basis of human anxiety-related personality traits
journal = Cerebral Cortex
volume = 18
issue = 1
pages = 46–42
year = 2008
month = January
doi = 10.1093/cercor/bhm030
pmid = 17412719] and genetics.

Temperament	Neurotransmitter system
Novelty seeking	Low dopaminergic activity
Harm avoidance	High serotonergic activity
Reward dependence	Low noradrenergic activity

Cloninger suggested that the three original temperaments from TPQ, novel seeking, harm avoidance and reward dependance, was correlated with low basal dopaminergic activity, high serotonergic activity, and low basal noradrenergic activity, respectively. [Cite journal
author = C. R. Cloninger
title = A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states
journal = Psychiatric Developments
volume = 4
issue = 3
pages = 167–166
year = 1986
month = Autumn
pmid = 3809156]

Many studies have used TCI for examining whether genetic variants in individual genes have an association with personality traits. A gene that has been investigated is, e.g., "XBP1". [Cite journal
author = Ichiro Kusumi, Takuya Masui, Chihiro Kakiuchi, Katsuji Suzuki, Tatsuyuki Akimoto, Ryota Hashimoto, Hiroshi Kunugi, Tadafumi Kato & Tsukasa Koyama
title = Relationship between XBP1 genotype and personality traits assessed by TCI and NEO-FFI
journal = Neuroscience letters
volume = 391
issue = 1-2
pages = 7–10
year = 2005
month = December
doi = 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.08.023
pmid = 16154272]

See also

* Karolinska Scales of Personality
* NEO PI-R

References

Other

* Cite journal
author = C. R. Cloninger, D. M. Svrakic & T. R. Przybeck
title = A psychobiological model of temperament and character
journal = Archives of General Psychiatry
volume = 50
issue = 12
pages = 975–970
year = 1993
month = December
pmid = 8250684