Black toad

Black toad
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Anura
Family:	Bufonidae
Genus:	Bufo
Species:	B. exsul
Binomial name
Bufo exsul Myers, 1942
Synonyms
Anaxyrus exsul

The black toad (Bufo exsul), also known as the Inyo toad or Deep Springs black toad, is a true toad that lives only in scattered oases in the Deep Springs Valley of Inyo County, California. In fact, its scientific name, Bufo exsul means "exiled toad," which refers to its species' isolation in a tiny spot in the high desert wilderness of the Californian Great Basin.

Physical description

The toad's black skin is covered in white and tan speckles and it sports a white midline down its spine from head to rump. Adults are approximately 5 centimetres (2.0 in) in length. They are active during the warmer months and overwinter underground near their native springs. This species walks rather than hops, and never strays far from water. Male black toads do not have vocal sacs and do not make a real advertisement call, but rather a small chirping noise as a territorial call around other males; much like its close relative the western toad.

Conservation status

The habitat of the black toad is relatively intact, however it is still considered a vulnerable species ^[2] because although it is abundant within its habitat, the black toad has one of the most limited ranges of any amphibian. Deep Springs College continues a program to care for the wild population of this species, and owns much of the land where its habitat is found. Livestock grazing has occurred in much of the toad habitat for more than one hundred years, and grazing, vegetation management, and irrigation have been suggested as possibly increasing the suitable habitat for the species, which breeds in otherwise comparatively rare open water. As noted in the 2006 IUCN Red List ^[3] the population of this species was reported to be more or less stable in the early 1970s^[4][5], and no significant change was reported in 1990 or 1999^[6][7]. The population at Antelope Springs was once reported to have died out ^[8], but was found by researchers in 2003 ^[9], and is now apparently thriving where vegetation has been maintained in a suitable state. In 1977 it was estimated that there were more than 80,000 individuals in the population^[10].

The toad's primary habitat is watercourses, irrigation ditches, and marshes (grass, sedge, dwarf bulrush, and watercress) formed by waterflow from springs, surrounded by cold desert steppe. Adults are more aquatic than other toad species in California, and breed in shallow marsh and pond waters. The toads retreat to rodent burrows or other refuges in winter ^[11]. At present, there do not appear to be any major threats to this species. However, potential future threats might include habitat destruction from changes in irrigation schemes or other factors resulting in water table alteration, well-intentioned but non-scientifically based conservation efforts^[9], changes in water availability, recreational vehicle use, collection by humans, changes in grazing regimes and predation by introduced fish. Anaxyrus exsul. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 11 May 2010</ref>. Other desert toads in nearby areas have done well, and even thrived, with more active management.^[12] Bufo exsul adults prefer habitats with short plant cover and unobstructed access to still or slowly flowing water ^[11]. In recent years, fencing some springs to exclude cattle has resulted in an overgrowth of vegetation requiring hand cutting to keep the habitat accessible for toads. The toads have been able to maintain a fairly stable population regardless of changes in agriculture and grazing practices over the past 20 years^[9].

Footnotes

1. ^ Hammerson (2004). Bufo exsul. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Database entry includes a range map, a brief justification of why this species is vulnerable, and the criteria used
2. ^ Geoffrey Hammerson 2004. Anaxyrus exsul. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 11 May 2010.
3. ^ Geoffrey Hammerson 2004. Anaxyrus exsul. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 11 May 2010
4. ^ Bury, R.B., Dodd, Jr., C.K. and Fellers, G.M. 1980. Conservation of the Amphibia of the United States: a review. Resource Publication: 1-34.
5. ^ Schuierer, F.W. 1972. The current status of the endangered species Bufo exsul Myers, Deep Springs Valley, Inyo County, California. Herpetological Review: 81-82.
6. ^ California Department of Fish and Game (CDF&G).1990.1989 annual report on the status of California's state listed threatened and endangered plants and animals. California Department of Fish and Game
7. ^ . Murphy, J.F., Simandle, E.T. and Becker, D.E. 2003. Population status and conservation of the black toad, Bufo exsul. Southwestern Naturalist: 54-60.
8. ^ Stebbins, R.C. 1985. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. Second Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts.
9. ^ ^{a b c} Murphy, J.F., Simandle, E.T. and Becker, D.E. 2003. Population status and conservation of the black toad, Bufo exsul. Southwestern Naturalist: 54-60.
10. ^ Sherman, C.K. 1980. A comparison of the natural history and mating system of two anurans: yosemite toads (Bufo canorus) and black toads (Bufo exsul). Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
11. ^ ^{a b} Schuierer, F. W., and S. C. Anderson. 1990. Population status of Bufo exsul Myers. Herpetological Review 21:57.
12. ^ http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=131194364. Read on 16 January 2011.

References

• Pauly, G. B., D. M. Hillis, and D. C. Cannatella. (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58: 2517–2535.

External links

Data related to Anaxyrus exsul at Wikispecies

• Bufo exsul at CalPhotos
• Black Toad Band