Willem Frederik of Nassau-Dietz

Willem Frederik (Arnhem August 7 1613 - Leeuwarden October 31 1664), Count (from 1654 Imperial Prince) of Nassau-Dietz, Stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe.

Biography

Family Life

Willem Frederik was the second son of Ernst Casimir of Nassau-Dietz and Sophie Hedwig of Braunschweig-Lüneburg. He married Albertine Agnes of Nassau the fifth daughter of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange on May 2, 1652 in Cleves. They had three children:
* Amalia of Nassau-Dietz, married to John William of Saxe-Eisenach
* Henry Casimir II, Count of Nassau-Dietz, married to Henriëtte Amalia of Anhalt-Dessau
* Wilhelmina Sophia Hedwig (1664–1667) The fact that his wife was only the fifth daughter of Frederick Henry, and that they were married after the death of her father, would later take on a special significance in the quarrel about the inheritance of the title of Prince of Orange after the death of William III of England in 1702. This was because Frederick Henry had made a provision in his will that if his male line would die out (which was the case with William III) the title of Prince of Orange would be inherited by the male issue of the line of his elder daughter Luise Henriette of Nassau. This might even have been the case without this provision, had William not himself willed the inheritance to a descendant of Willem Frederik. The inheritance therefore came down to a clash of Wills, with the outcome that both claimants eventually took the title and divided the material inheritance.

Willem Frederik had himself a similarly complicated dynastic past. He was a descendant of John VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg a younger brother of his wife's ancestor William the Silent. When John died in 1606 his inheritance was divided among his five sons, one of which was the father of Willem Frederik, Ernst Casimir, who received the title of Count of Nassau-Dietz. This title was first inherited by Willem Frederik's elder brother Henry Casimir I of Nassau-Dietz, who followed his own elder brother William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg as Stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe in 1620.

Career

As a second son, Willem Frederik did not seem destined for the career he eventually would follow. He studied at Leiden University and the University of Groningen and subsequently took a commission in the army of the Dutch Republic, like his male ancestors and his brother. As such he was a junior partner of his future father in law and brother in law William II, Prince of Orange. However, his elder brother died in action near Hulst in 1640. As Henry Casimir was unmarried, and did not have children, Willem Frederik inherited his titles.

However, as the office of stadtholder was not yet hereditary, Willem Frederik only managed to be appointed in Friesland. The stadtholdership in Groningen and Drenthe [Drenthe was a self-governing territory that was not represented in the States-General of the Netherlands, but was not one of the Generality Lands either, and usually appointed the same stadtholder as Groningen.] went to Frederick Henry, not without a struggle with Willem Frederik, however [aut|Israel, J.I. (1995), "The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477-1806", Oxford University Press,ISBN 0-19-873072-1 hardback, ISBN 0-19-820734-4 paperback, pp. 538-539] . After Frederick Henry's death in 1647 William II succeeded his father also in these two provinces as stadtholder. Only when William II died in 1650, just a week before his son William III was born, did Willem Frederik obtain the stadtholdership in the other two provinces also.

At that time he might have obtained the stadtholdership in the five other provinces (Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel) also. After all, the stadtholderate was an appointive office. The elder branch of the Nassau family might have "first claim" to the office, but as the "claimant" was a newborn babe, such a claim was not to be taken seriously. Yet, to avoid a quarrel with the members of that elder branch (William II's widow and mother) Willem Frederik did not press his personal claim, but offered to serve as lieutenant-stadtholder in the five provinces until the infant William III would come of age [Israel, "op. cit.", p. 705] .

He might have been taken up on that offer, except for the events that preceded the death of William II. William had performed a military coup d'état against the States of Holland in the course of a quarrel about military policy. Willem Frederik had played a key role in that coup by leading the attempt to seize the city of Amsterdam by force in August, 1650. Though the attempted seizure was unsuccessful, the coup had not been [Israel, "op. cit.", pp. 604-605, 607] . However, after William's demise the Holland Regents seized their chance to revert to the "status quo ante". They decided to leave the stadtholdership vacant in their province, followed by the four other provinces in which William had been stadtholder, thus inaugurating the First Stadtholderless Period. Because of his role in the coup Willem Frederik was politically unacceptable, not just as a stand-in for William III, but also on his own account.

The office of stadtholder was a provincial office. On the federal level William II had fulfilled the office of Captain general of the Union, like his father and uncle before him. Willem Frederik again would normally have been in line for this office (after all, he was a stadtholder in his own right), except for the same political awkwardness that blocked his appointment to stadtholder in Holland. Again he offered himself as lieutenant-captain-general (the function Marlborough would fulfil after 1702), but again the Regents decided to leave the function vacant. Willem Frederik did not even get the function of acting commander-in-chief (Field Marshal), which went to a Holland noble [Israel, "op. cit.", pp. 707, 709] .

This was to be the story of Willem Frederik's life. He tried to act as the "de facto" head of the Orangist party, in opposition to the States Party faction of Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt, but was usually outwitted and checked by De Witt at every step. The fact that the members of the senior branch of the family were suspicious of his ambitions made his position even more difficult, even after he married into that senior branch [Israel, "op. cit.", pp. 717-720 ] .

Nevertheless, outside the Netherlands those ambitions met with more success. In 1654 his title of Count was "upgraded" to Imperial Prince ("Reichsfuerst") by the Holy Roman Emperor. Within the Empire this provided him with more prestige, which however did not translate to more prestige in the Republic.

For a while, in the late 1650s, there seemed to be a chance of becoming Commander-in-chief, as part of a political compromise, brought together by De Witt, but nothing came of it [Israel, "op. cit.", pp. 728-736] . Only during the invasion of Bernhard von Galen during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, which threatened his home provinces of Groningen and Friesland (Drenthe was overrun), was he entrusted with a command in the field. He was successful in the reconquest of a strategic fortress (the "Deilerschans"), but shortly afterward he died on October 31, 1664 in an accident with a pistol that fired unexpectedly.

Before his death he had persuaded the States of Friesland that his son Henry Casimir II (only 7 years old in 1664) should succeed him as stadtholder. The States kept their word, accepting a "regency" of the young boy's mother. The Frisian stadtholderate was made hereditary in 1675.

References

ources

*nl icon "Willem Frederik" in "De Nederlandsche Leeuw; Maandblad van het Genealogisch-Heraldiek Genootschap. Jrg. 7, No. 12" (1889), p. 91

External links

* [http://mdz10.bib-bvb.de/~db/bsb00008401/images/index.html?seite=135 Wilhelm Friedrich (Fürst von Nassau-Diez, aut|Müller, P. L., in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Bd. 43, Leipzig 1898, p. 133 ff.]
* [http://www.tseg.nl/2005/4-janssen.pdf G.H. Jansen, Patronage en Corruptie] – Essay about the way Willem Frederik used patronage

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