Richard Brautigan

Infobox Writer
name = Richard Gary Brautigan


caption =
birthdate = birth date|1935|1|30|mf=y
birthplace = Tacoma, Washington
deathdate = death date and age|1984|9|14|1935|1|30
deathplace = Bolinas, California
occupation = Novelist
Poet|
nationality = American
genre = Black Comedy
Parody
Satire
Zen Buddhism
movement = Counterculture era
notableworks = "Trout Fishing in America"
influences = William Carlos Williams, Emily Dickenson, Jack Kerouac, Ernest Hemingway, Charles Bukowski, E.E. Cummings, Walt Whitman
influenced = William Michaelian, W. P. Kinsella, Don Carpenter, Ben Myers

Richard Gary Brautigan (January 30, 1935 – ca. September 14, 1984) was a 20th century American writer. His novels and stories often have to do with black comedy, parody, satire, and Zen Buddhism. He is probably best known for his novel "Trout Fishing in America" (1967).

Biography

Early life

Richard Gary Brautigan was born in Tacoma, Washington to Bernard Frederick Brautigan, Jr. (July 29, 1908 – May 27, 1994) a factory worker, laborer, and World War II veteran and Lulu Mary Keho "Mary Lou" Brautigan (April 7, 1911 – September 24, 2005) who was a waitress. Brautigan was baptized as a Roman Catholic and was raised in the Pacific northwest and lived with his mother, stepfathers and siblings. He had two half-sisters named Barbara Titland (born May 1, 1939) and Sandra Jean Porterfield (born April 1, 1945) and a half-brother named William David Folston, Jr. (born December 19, 1951).

His parents were separated five months before he was born and his mother Mary Lou would remarry three times. Brautigan said that he met his biological father only twice, though after Brautigan's death Bernard Brautigan was said to be unaware that Richard was his child, saying "He's got the same last name, but why would they wait 45 to 50 years to tell me I've got a son." [UPI news report, 27 October 1984, reproduced at [http://www.brautigan.net/obituaries.html#bernard2 http://www.brautigan.net/obituaries.html#bernard2] ] . Brautigan would suffer physical abuse at the hands of his stepfathers, whom he also witnessed abusing his mother. Brautigan was also abused by his alcoholic mother.Fact|date=October 2008 Many of Brautigan's childhood experiences were included in the poems and stories that he wrote from as early as the age of 13 through his high school years. His novel "So The Wind Won't Blow It All Away" is loosely based on childhood experiences including an incident where Brautigan accidentally shot the brother of a close friend in the ear, injuring him only slightly.

Brautigan grew up in poverty. He lived with his family on welfare and moved to various homes in the Pacific Northwest before settling in Eugene, Oregon in 1944. From 1946 to 1949, Brautigan lived with his stepfather Robert Porterfield for three years after Brautigan's mother and Porterfield separated. After his mother left welfare and got a job as a waitress she gained custody of her children once again and Brautigan reunited with his mother and half-sisters when he was fourteen.

Brautigan attended Lincoln Elementary School and South Eugene High School and his name was listed as "Richard Gary Porterfield" from the fourth grade to the eleventh grade. Brautigan was a writer for his high school newspaper "South Eugene High School News". He also played on his school's basketball team and stood at 6 feet 5 inches (1.95 m) by the age of eighteen. On December 19, 1952, Brautigan's first poem "The Light" was published in the Eugene High School Newspaper. Brautigan graduated from South Eugene High School on June 9, 1953. Following graduation, he moved in with his best friend Peter Webster, whose mother became Brautigan's surrogate mother.

According to several accounts, Brautigan stayed with Webster for about a year before leaving for San Francisco for the first time in August 1954, returning to Oregon several times, apparently for lack of money.cite web|url=http://www.brautigan.net/biography.html|title=Biography|work=Brautigan Bibliography and Archive|author=John F. Barber, Curator|accessdate=2007-12-18]

On December 14, 1955 Brautigan was arrested for throwing a rock through a police-station window, supposedly in order to be sent to prison and fed. Instead he was sent to the Oregon State Hospital on December 24, 1955 where he had taken a psychiatric evaluation and was diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic and was treated with electroconvulsive therapy twelve times. On February 19, 1956, Brautigan was released from the Oregon State Hospital after spending three months there and briefly lived with his mother, stepfather, and his siblings in Eugene, Oregon before he left for San Francisco, where he would spend most of the rest of his life (save for periods of time spent in Tokyo and Montana.) In San Francisco, Brautigan met writers like Michael McClure, Jack Spicer, and Allen Ginsberg. In San Francisco, Brautigan sought to establish himself as a writer and was known for handing out his poetry on the streets and performing at poetry clubs.

Career

Brautigan's first published "book" was "The Return of the Rivers" (1958), a single poem, followed by two collections of poetry: "The Galilee Hitch-Hiker" (1958), and "Lay the Marble Tea" (1959). During the 1960s Brautigan became involved in the burgeoning San Francisco counterculture scene, often appearing as a performance-poet at concerts and participating in the various activities of The Diggers. Brautigan was also a writer for the newspaper "Change", an underground newspaper created by Ron Loewinsohn.

In the summer of 1961, Brautigan went camping with his wife and his daughter in the Idaho Stanley Basin. While camping he completed the novels "A Confederate General From Big Sur" and "Trout Fishing in America". "A Confederate General from Big Sur" was his first published novel and met with little critical or commercial success. But when his novel "Trout Fishing in America" was published in 1967, Brautigan was catapulted to international fame and labeled by literary critics as the writer most representative of the emerging countercultural youth-movement of the late 1960s, even though he was said to be contemptuous of hippies (as noted in Lawrence Wright's article in the April 11, 1985 issue of "Rolling Stone".)cite web|url=http://www.brautigan.net/memoirs.html#wright|title=Memoirs|work=Brautigan Bibliography and Archive|author=John F. Barber, Curator|accessdate=2007-12-18]

Brautigan published four collections of poetry as well as another novel, "In Watermelon Sugar" (1968) during the decade of the sixties. Also, in the spring of 1967, Brautigan was Poet-in-Residence at the California Institute of Technology. During this year, he published "All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace", a chapbook published by The Communication Company. It was printed in an edition of 1,500 copies and distributed for free. One Brautigan novel "The God of The Martians" remains unpublished. The 600 page, 20 chapter manuscript was sent to at least two editors but was rejected by both. A copy of the manuscript was discovered with the papers of the last of these editors, Harry Hooton.

During the 1970s Brautigan experimented with different literary genres, publishing several novels throughout the decade and a collection of short stories called "Revenge of the Lawn" in 1971. "When the 1960s ended, he was the baby thrown out with the bath water," said his friend and fellow writer, Thomas McGuane. "He was a gentle, troubled, deeply odd guy." Generally dismissed by literary critics and increasingly abandoned by his readers, Brautigan's popularity waned throughout the late 1970s and into the 1980s. His work remained popular in Europe, however, as well as in Japan, and Brautigan visited there several times.cite web|url=http://www.brautigan.net/chronology1970.html|title=Biography: 1970s|work=Brautigan Bibliography and Archive|author=John F. Barber, Curator|accessdate=2007-12-18] To his critics, Brautigan was willfully naive. Lawrence Ferlinghetti said of him, "As an editor I was always waiting for Richard to grow up as a writer. It seems to me he was essentially a naïf, and I don't think he cultivated that childishness, I think it came naturally. It was like he was much more in tune with the trout in America than with people."Manso, Peter and Michael McClure. "Brautigan's Wake." Vanity Fair, May 1985: 62-68, 112-116.]

From late 1968 to February 1969, Brautigan recorded a spoken-word album for The Beatles' short-lived record-label, Zapple. The label was shut down by Allen Klein before the recording could be released, but it was eventually released in 1970 on Harvest Records as "Listening to Richard Brautigan". [cite web|url=http://www.brautigan.net/recordings.html#listening|title=Recordings|work=Brautigan Bibliography and Archive|author=John F. Barber, Curator|accessdate=2007-12-18] Brautigan's writings are characterized by a remarkable and humorous imagination. The permeation of inventive metaphors lent even his prose-works the feeling of poetry. Evident also are themes of Zen Buddhism like the duality of the past and the future and the impermanence of the present. Zen Buddhism and elements of the Japanese culture can be found in his novel "Sombrero Fallout: A Japanese Novel". Brautigan's last published work before his death was his novel "So the Wind Won't Blow It All Away" which was published in 1982, two years before his death.

Personal life

On June 8, 1957, Richard Brautigan married Virginia Dionne Alder in Reno, Nevada. They had one daughter together named Ianthe Elizabeth Brautigan who was born in 1960. They separated on December 24, 1962 but the divorce was not finalized until 1970. After the separation, Brautigan pursued his career as a writer while Alder became a civil rights activist and a Vietnam War protester.

Brautigan remarried on December 1, 1977 to Akiko Yoshimura whom he met in Tokyo, Japan. They lived in Montana while they were married. Brautigan and Yoshimura were divorced in 1980, after three years of marriage.

Brautigan had a relationship with a San Francisco woman named Marcia Clay and their relationship lasted a year from 1981–1982. Other relationships were with Marcia Pacaud, who appears on the cover of "The Pill Versus the Springhill Mining Disaster", a collection of Brautigan's poems; Valerie Estes, who appears on the cover of "Listening to Richard Brautigan", a spoken-word recording of some of Brautigan's work; and Sherry Vetter, who appears on the cover of "Revenge of the Lawn", a collection of Brautigan's short stories.

Brautigan suffered from schizophrenia, depression and was an alcoholic; according to his daughter, he often mentioned suicide over a period of more than a decade before ending his life. Brautigan was survived by his parents, both ex-wives, and his daughter Ianthe; a grandchild, Elizabeth, was born about a year after his death.

uicide

In 1984, at age 49, Richard Brautigan died of a self-inflicted .44 Magnum gunshot-wound to the head in his house in Bolinas, California, looking out the ocean through his window. The exact date of his death is unknown, but it is speculated that Brautigan ended his life on September 14, 1984 after talking to Marcia Clay, a former girlfriend, on the telephone. Robert Yench, a private investigator, found Richard Brautigan's heavily decomposed body on the living-room floor of his house on October 25, 1984.

Brautigan once wrote, "All of us have a place in history. Mine is clouds." [cite web |url=http://kerouacalley.com/brautigan.html |title= Richard Brautigan 1935-1984 |accessdate=2008-06-29 |format= |work= ]

Legacy

Brautigan's daughter, Ianthe Elizabeth Brautigan, describes her memories of her father in her book "You Can't Catch Death" (2000).

Also in a 1980 letter to Brautigan from W. P. Kinsella, Kinsella states that Brautigan is his greatest influence for writing and his favorite book is "In Watermelon Sugar".

In March 1994, a teenager named Peter Eastman Jr. from Carpinteria, California legally changed his name to "Trout Fishing in America", and now teaches English in Japan. [cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/oregonian/stories/index.ssf?/base/living/119197050984080.xml&coll=7|title=Searching upstream: A writer goes fishing for the man who calls himself Trout Fishing in America|publisher=The Oregonian|date=October 11, 2007|author=Anne Saker|accessdate=2007-12-18] At around the same time, National Public Radio reported on a young couple who had named their baby "Trout Fishing in America".

There is a folk rock band called Trout Fishing in America. [ [http://www.troutmusic.com/ The Official Trout Fishing In America Web Site ] ] , and another called Watermelon Sugar [ [http://watermelonsugar.com Watermelon Sugar :: News :: Indie Folk Duo :: Hypatia Kingsley and Louise Thompson Bendall ] ] , which quotes the opening paragraph of that book on their home page. The industrial rock band Machines of Loving Grace took their name from one of Brautigan's best-known poems.

Twin Rocks, Oregon, a song appearing on singer-songwriter Shawn Mullins' 1998 platinum record Soul's Core, seems to tell the story of a fictitious meeting with Brautigan on bluffs overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Another lyrical interpretation might be that the encounter was with Brautigan's ghost.

In the UK The Library of Unwritten Books is a project in which ideas for novels are collected and stored. The venture is inspired by Brautigan's novel 'The Abortion.'

The library for unpublished works envisioned by Brautigan in his novel "The Abortion" now exists as The Brautigan Library in Burlington, Vermont. [cite news
title=Unusual library may get new chapter
first=Kevin
last=O'Kelly
date=September 27, 2004
url=http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2004/09/27/unusual_library_may_get_new_chapter
work=The Boston Globe
accessdate=2007-03-19]

There are two stores named "In Watermelon Sugar" after Brautigan's novella, one in Baltimore, Maryland and one in Traverse City, Michigan.

Bibliography

Novels and novellas

* "A Confederate General From Big Sur" (1964, ISBN 0-224-61923-3)
* "Trout Fishing in America" (1967 ISBN 0-395-50076-1) Omnibus edition
* "In Watermelon Sugar" (1968 ISBN 0-440-34026-8)
* "" (1971 ISBN 0-671-20872-1)
* "" (1974 ISBN 0-671-21809-3)
* "" (1975 ISBN 0-671-22065-9)
* "" (1976 ISBN 0-671-22331-3)
* "" (1977 ISBN 0-440-02146-4)
* "The Tokyo-Montana Express" (1980 ISBN 0-440-08770-8) [There is some disagreement as how to classify "The Tokyo-Montana Express". John Barber at [http://www.brautigan.net/stories.html brautigan.net] classifies it as a collection of stories. [http://www.riza.com/richard/?page_id=8 The Brautigan Pages] classifies it as a novel.]
* "So The Wind Won't Blow It All Away" (1982 ISBN 0-395-70674-2)
* "" (1982, but first published in 1994 ISBN 0-312-27710-5)

Poetry

* "The Return of the Rivers" (1958)
* "The Galilee Hitch-Hiker" (1958)
* "Lay the Marble Tea" (1959)
* "The Octopus Frontier" (1960)
* "All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace" (1963)
* "Please Plant This Book" (1968)
* "The Pill versus the Springhill Mine Disaster" (1969)
* "Rommel Drives on Deep into Egypt" (1970)
* "Loading Mercury with a Pitchfork" (1971 ISBN 0-671-22263-5. ISBN 0-671-22271-6 pbk)
* "June 30th, June 30th" (1978 ISBN 0-440-04295-X)
* "The Edna Webster Collection of Undiscovered Writings" (1999 ISBN 0-395-97469-0)

Short Story Collections

* "Revenge of the Lawn" (1971 ISBN 0-671-20960-4)

Unpublished Novel

From December 1955 to February 1956, Brautigan was working on a novel called "The God of the Martians" which was 600 words long. Brautigan had sent the manuscript to three different publishers but the manuscript was rejected for publication. "The God of the Martians" remains unpublished.

References

External links

* [http://www.riza.com/richard/ The Brautigan Pages]
*worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-71307
* [http://www.kerouacalley.com/brautigan.html Selected poems and directory of Richard Brautigan]
* [http://brautigan.cybernetic-meadows.net/ The Brautigan Archives]
* [http://journals.concrete.org.au/inourtimes/archives/2005/09/thinking_about.html Brief critique on the life and legacy of Richard Brautigan]
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=9987 Richard Brautigan entry on Findagrave.com]
* [http://www.erasmuspc.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=206&Itemid=81 Poem of Richard Brautigan in the pavement of San Francisco]
* [http://www.unwritten.org.uk/ Library of Unwritten Books] , UK arts project inspired by Brautigan novel; The Abortion.
* [http://cecilvortex.com/swath/2008/03/31/an_interview_with_ianthe_brautigan.html An interview with the memoirist Ianthe Brautigan on the creative process as well as memories of her father -- about-creativity.com March 31, 2008]