- Juan Almonte
Juan Nepomuceno Almonte (
May 15 1803 –March 21 1869 ) was a 19th century Mexican official, soldier and diplomat. He was a veteran of theBattle of the Alamo during theTexas Revolution . Almonte was also a leader of Mexico's Conservatives in the 1860s and served asregent after theSecond Mexican Empire was established byNapoleon III of France .Early life
Almonte was born in
Nocupétaro ,Carácuaro district, in the state ofMichoacán . He was allegedly the son ofJosé María Morelos , a Roman Catholic priest who led the insurgents in theMexican War of Independence from 1811 to 1815. His mother, Brígida Almonte, was said to be of pureAmerindian ancestry. On August 9, 1814, his father appointed him abrigadier general . In 1815 Almonte was sent toNew Orleans, Louisiana . Here he had a little education, learned English and worked as a clerk for hardware merchant Puech & Bein. His time in theUnited States was cut short when his father was executed on December 22, 1815 in the village ofSan Cristóbal Ecatepec .Between 1822 to 1824, Almonte was on the staff of insurgent rebel leader
José Félix Trespalacios in Texas and then was sent as a part of the Mexican delegation to London. Almonte assisted AmbassadorJosé Mariano Michelena in negotiating a commercial and amity treaty withEngland . This was Mexico's first treaty as a new nation. In 1830, while serving inMexican Congress , Almonte became an object of government attention as editor of "El Atleta". He accused PresidentAnastasio Bustamante of allowing foreign intervention in national affairs. Because of his stance, Almonte's arrest was ordered on April 16, 1830. He was forced to seek refuge in New Orleans due to government pressure, and the paper collapsed due to heavy fines levied by Bustamante’s government. Later, Bustamante relented and appointed Almonte secretary of the Mexican Legation Extraordinary in 1831. His new job was to represent Mexico in the Republics of South America and the Empire of Brazil. Almonte married Dolores Quesada in 1840 and they had a daughter named Guadalupe.Texas Revolution
In 1834 Vice President
Valentín Gómez Farías appointed Almonte and Col. José María Díaz Noriega to make an inspection tour ofTexas and write a status report on what they witnessed. In late January 1836 Almonte was appointedaide-de-camp toAntonio López de Santa Anna and accompanied him to Texas in an attempt to quell the rebelling state. It was Almonte who was instrumental in saving the lives ofSusanna Dickinson and her child Angelina. He persuaded Santa Anna to release her as a messenger of Texan defeat.On April 21, 1836, Almonte, at the head of part of the Guerrero battalion, surrendered to Texan
Thomas J. Rusk at theBattle of San Jacinto . Almonte led the last organized resistance of the panicked army. Santa Anna also was taken prisoner. When an escape plot was later discovered, Almonte and Santa Anna were each forced to wear a heavy ball and chain for almost two months. Following a brief incarceration onGalveston Island , Almonte, Ramón Caro, Texas Vice-PresidentLorenzo de Zavala and Bailey Hardeman were sent along with Santa Anna to theUnited States .Through the efforts of
Stephen Austin andSam Houston , Almonte and Santa Anna were taken toWashington, D.C. , where they had several meetings with U.S. PresidentAndrew Jackson . After eight days in Washington, they left the U.S. on January 31, 1837. The party returned to Mexico in February. By then, Santa Anna had been replaced as President of Mexico and went into retirement. Almonte, though, continued his diplomatic and military career and eventually rose to the rank of general in command of a division. He published a book on geography in late 1837.Political life
In January 1838, Almonte became a member of the Junta Directiva, which governed the Normal School of the Army. In March 1838 he was appointed secretary of the Mexican legation to London. In June 1839 Almonte headed the Mexican legation to
Belgium . From July 1839 to October 1841, he was secretary of war and marine under President Bustamante. Almonte was later appointed minister plenipotentiary to Washington in 1841-1845 under PresidentJosé Joaquín de Herrera . With the annexation of theRepublic of Texas to the United States, Almonte packed his bags on6 March and returned to Mexico viaVeracruz . Almonte favored the installation of Gen.Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga at this time. But while stopping inHavana as minister toFrance , Almonte re-joined forces with the exiled former president and general Santa Anna and together they traveled back to Mexico.When the
Mexican-American War broke out,José Mariano Salas was "ad interim" president for Santa Anna and Almonte served as Secretary of War until he was replaced withValentín Canalizo . In February 1847 Almonte and a few other Mexican generals tried to oust Gómez Farías from power, but failed. They were arrested and jailed for a time in the convent of Santiago Tlatelolco.After the war, Almonte served as senator from
Oaxaca for four years, then served as Mexico's representative to the U.S. under President Santa Anna (his last time as president). In 1856 he was appointed minister to England, France and Spain. Once overseas, Almonte became involved in the promotion of foreign intervention and monarchical schemes for Mexico. He envisioned himself on the throne of Mexico. His machinations culminated in theFrench intervention in Mexico . In 1858,Benito Juárez was elected president of the United Mexican States to defend the Constitution established on5 February 1857 . After much internal struggle, Juárez was re-elected in 1861. Because of financial instability, Congress suspended foreign debt repayment for two years.Almonte was a signatory of the
Mont-Almonte Treaty withSpain in 1859. The treaty saw Mexico pay debts to the Spaniards in exchange for economic aid against the Mexican Liberal Party.He was also appointed lieutenant of the empire by Maximilian in April 1864, and some week's later marshal of the empire. He adhered to the fortunes of his imperial patron throughout his short reign, and, when Maximilian was executed, he fled to Europe, spending his last days in exile.
ee also
*
History of Mexico
*Timeline of the Texas Revolution Further reading
* Jackson, Jack & Wheat, John; "Almonte's Texas"; Texas State Historical Association; ISBN 0-87611-191-6
References
External links
*Read [http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-5827:329 Don Juan N. Almonte's entry] in [http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-5827 The Biographical Encyclopedia of Texas] hosted by the [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ Portal to Texas History] .
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.