Carangoides

Taxobox
name = "Carangoides"

---

image_caption = The island trevally, "Carangoides orthogrammus"
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Actinopterygii
ordo = Perciformes
subordo = Percoidei
superfamilia = Percoidea
familia = Carangidae
genus = "Carangoides"
genus_authority = Bleeker, 1851
type_species = "Caranx praeustus"
Anonymous [Bennett] , 1830
synonyms =
*"Olistus" Cuvier, 1829
*"Carangichthys" Bleeker, 1802
*"Kaiwarinus" Suzuki, 1962
*"Turrum" Whitley, 1932
*"Xurel" Jordan and Evermann, 1927
*"Elaphrotoxon" Fowler, 1905
*"Ferdauia" Jordan, Evermann & Wakiya, 1927
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision = "See text for species"

"Carangoides" is a genus of tropical to subtropical marine fishes in the jack family, Carangidae. They are small to large sized, deep bodied fish characterised by a certain gill raker and jaw morphology, often appearing very similar to jacks in the genus "Caranx". They inhabit the subtropical and tropical regions of the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, often occupying coastal areas including reefs, bays and estuaries, rarely venturing far offshore. They are all predatory fishes, taking a variety of smaller fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods as prey. The genus was first erected in 1851 by Pieter Bleeker for an unknown taxon and currently contains 21 species. Many make up significant proportions of various fisheries, although they have had a number of Ciguatera cases attributed to them.

Taxonomy

The genus "Carangoides" is one of 31 genera in the jack and horse mackerel family, Carangidae, which are Perciform fishes in the suborder Percoidei. [ITIS | ID = 168755 | taxon = "Carangoides" | year = 2008 | date = 29 January] A number of recent phylogenetic studies on the family has placed "Carangoides" in the subfamily Caranginae (or tribe Carangini), being most closely related to the genera "Alectis", "Atropus", "Selene" and "Uraspis". [cite journal | last = Reed | first = David L. | coauthors = Carpenter, Kent E. & deGravelle, Martin J. | title = Molecular systematics of the Jacks (Perciformes: Carangidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences using parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian approaches | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 513–524 | publisher = Elsevier Science | location = USA | date = 2002 | doi = 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00036-2 | accessdate =2007-11-17 ] [cite journal | last = Zhu | first = Shi-Hua | coauthors = Wen-Juan Zing, Ji-Xing Zou, Yin-Chung Yang & Xi-Quan Shen | title = Molecular phylogenetic relationship of Carangidae based on the sequences of complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene | journal = Acta Zoologica Sinica | volume = 53 | issue = 4 | pages = 641–650 | date = 2007 | url = http://www.actazool.org/paperdetail.asp?id=6630&volume=53&number=4&bgpage=641&=endpage650&year=2007&month=8 | accessdate = 2008-01-03 ]

"Carangoides" was created by Pieter Bleeker in 1851 to accommodate a species of carangid fish, although the species he created the genus for is unknown. To rectify this, "Caranx praeustus" was selected to be the type species of the genus.cite journal | last = Lin | first = Pai-Lei | coauthors = Shao, Kwang-Tsao | title = A Review of the Carangid Fishes (Family Carangidae) From Taiwan with Descriptions of Four New Records | journal = Zoological Studies | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–68 | date = 1999 | url = http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=10055944 | accessdate = ] Carangid classification was initially very difficult, with many genera and species described, many of which were synonymous. Later reviews of the family eventually placed 21 species into "Carangoides", leaving a number of genera synonymous with it.FishBase genus | genus = Carangoides | year = 2008 | month = June] "Carangoides" takes priority over these other genera because its type species, "Caranx praeustus", was described by an unknown author before the other species and genera were erected. The species of the genus are often referred to as jacks or trevallies, and sometimes more specifically as 'island jacks'. The name "Carangoides" is derived from the French "carangue", meaning 'fish of the Caribbean'.

pecies

The following is a list of all extant species in the genus "Carangoides" according to FishBase
* Genus "Carangoides"
** Longfin trevally, "Carangoides armatus" (Rüppell, 1830).
** Orangespotted trevally, "Carangoides bajad" (Forsskål, 1775).
** Yellow jack, "Carangoides bartholomaei" (Cuvier, 1833).
** Longnose trevally, "Carangoides chrysophrys" (Cuvier, 1833).
** "Carangoides ciliarius" (Rüppell, 1830).
** Coastal trevally, "Carangoides coeruleopinnatus" (Rüppell, 1830).
** Shadow trevally, "Carangoides dinema" Bleeker, 1851.
** Whitefin trevally, "Carangoides equula" (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844).
** Blue trevally, "Carangoides ferdau" (Forsskål, 1775).
** Yellowspotted trevally, "Carangoides fulvoguttatus" (Forsskål, 1775).
** Bludger, "Carangoides gymnostethus" (Cuvier, 1833).
** Bumpnose trevally, "Carangoides hedlandensis" (Whitley, 1934).
** Duskyshoulder trevally, "Carangoides humerosus" (McCulloch, 1915).
** Malabar trevally, "Carangoides malabaricus" (Bloch & Schneider, 1801).
** Coachwhip trevally, "Carangoides oblongus" (Cuvier, 1833).
** Island trevally, "Carangoides orthogrammus" (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882).
** Threadfin jack, "Carangoides otrynter" (Jordan & Gilbert, 1883).
** Barcheek trevally, "Carangoides plagiotaenia" Bleeker, 1857.
** Brownback trevally, "Carangoides praeustus" (Anonymous [Bennett] , 1830).
** Bar jack, "Carangoides ruber" (Bloch, 1793).
** Imposter trevally, "Carangoides talamparoides" Bleeker, 1852.

Description

In their general morphology, the species of "Carangoides" are very similar to a number of other carangid genera, especially "Caranx". They grow to a range of sizes, most attaining a length less than 50 cm, although the largest fish of the genus reaching at least 1 m and over 65 kg in weight.cite book | last = Carpenter | first = Kent E. | coauthors = Volker H. Niem (eds.) | title = FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 5. Bony fishes part 3 (Menidae to Pomacentridae) | publisher = FAO | date = 2001 | location = Rome | pages = 2684 | url = http://ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/y4160e/y4160e00.pdf | isbn = 92-5-104587-9 ] They have a relatively deep, compressed body, with the dorsal profile usually far more convex than than the ventral, with a tapering posterior. The dorsal fin is in two parts, the first consisting of spines, and the second of one or two spines followed by a number of soft rays. The anal fin has detached spines preceding a long soft ray section headed by up to two spines. The caudal fin is large and forked and the pectoral fin is large, usually longer than the head. All species have scutes on the posterior section of their lateral line.

The genus is defined as having gill rakers of normal length and shape, with a total number of gill rakers between 21 and 37 on the first gill arch. Both upper and lower jaws have a band of teeth present and the breast is naked ventrally to completely scaled.

The species are often dull in coloration, mostly being silver, getting darker dorsally and lighter ventrally. Often they have green or blue tinges to their body, but fade rapidly after death. A few such as the orangespotted trevally have far more brilliant coloration, incorporating bright orange and yellow spotting. The fins are usually hyaline to grey, and occasionally blue or yellow.cite book | last = Randall | first = John Ernest | coauthors = Roger C. Steene, Gerald R. Allen | title = Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | date = 1997 | pages = 155 | isbn = 0824818954 ]

Distribution and habitat

The species of "Carangoides" are distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical oceans of the world, occupying the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans. They occur on the coastlines of countries in this range, although are most prolific in the Indo-Pacific region, having high species densities around South East Asia, Indonesia and northern Australia.

Most species are coastal in nature, inhabiting continental shelf marine environments including reefs, bays, sandflats, lagoons and even estuaries.

Biology and fisheries

fishes that display differing reproductive traits and timing between species.

All of the species are of minor to significant importance to fisheries, with some also being of interest to recreational fishermen. Like all jacks and trevallies, they can be caught on a variety of baits and lures, and with some members reaching 1 m in length, are considered formidable game fish. cite book | last = Starling | first = S. | title = The Australian Fishing Book | publisher = Bacragas Pty. Ltd. | date = 1988 | location = Hong Kong | pages = 488 | isbn = 073010141x ] They are generally considered to be excellent to fair table fish, [cite book | last = Davidson | first = Alan | title = Seafood of South-East Asia: A Comprehensive Guide with Recipes | publisher = Ten Speed Press | date = 2004 | pages = 59 | isbn = 1580084524] although there have been a number of ciguatera poisonings linked to the species of this genus. As with all tropical fish, consuming smaller fish carries a lesser risk of being affected by the disease, with larger fish having accumulated more of the toxin. [cite book | last = Miller| first = Donald M. | title = Ciguatera Seafood Toxins | publisher = CRC Press | date = 1990 | pages = 8–9| isbn = 0849360730 ]

References

External links

* [http://www.fishbase.org/Eschmeyer/GeneraSummary.cfm?ID=Carangoides Carangoides at FishBase]