Primitive markings

Primitive markings among domestic horses are a group of hair coat markings and qualities associated with primitive breeds,cite journal |last=Stachurska |first=AM |title=Inheritance of primitive markings in horses |journal=J. Anim. Breed. Genet. |year=1999 |volume=116 |accessdate=2008-06-20 |pages=29-38] and the dun coat color family in particular.cite web |url=http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/dunhorse.php |publisher=UC Davis |accessdate=2008-06-20 |title=Dun Zygosity Test] All dun horses possess at least the dorsal stripe but the presence of the other primitive markings varies. Other common markings may include horizontal striping on the legs, transverse striping across the shoulders, and lighter guard hairs along the edges of a dark mane and tail.

Origin

The dun coat and attendant primitive or "dun factor" markings reflect the wildtype coat and are observed in all Equid species.cite journal |last=Lusis |first=JA |title=Striping patterns in domestic horses |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/t07u0l235u2x7408/ |journal=Genetica |volume=23 |issue=1 |year=1943 |pages=31-62 |accessdate=2008-06-20] In particular, the last remaining true wild horse, Przewalski's Horse, is dun-colored with primitive markings. So too are the bred-back Tarpans, many of which are of the grulla or mouse dun variety.

While no dun horse is without a dorsal stripe, primitive markings also sometimes occur on non-dun horses, particularly those with sooty characteristics and newborn foals. Primitive markings in horses are an example of atavism: preservation of or reversion to ancestral type. While primitive markings are closely linked with the dun coat colors, the variations of expression and presence in non-dun horses suggest that the markings themselves may be governed by a separate genetic mechanism.cite web |last=Castle |first=Nancy |title=Primitive Marking Theory |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-06-20 |work=Dun Central Station |url=http://www.duncentralstation.com/PrimitiveTheory/PrimitiveMarkingTheory.pdf |format=PDF ]

Dorsal stripe

Also called an "eel stripe", "spinal stripe", or "list", a dark, bold dorsal stripe running down the spine from ears to tail is the primary primitive marking. Dun horses always possess a dorsal stripe. Even in the cases of non-duns with dorsal stripes, no other primitive markings exist without the presence of the dorsal stripe.

Of equids other than horses, all except the Mountain Zebra show a distinct dorsal stripe. Among domesticated donkeys, most have a black dorsal stripe, though it can be difficult to see on melanistic individuals. In the African Wild Ass, the dorsal stripe is thin but distinct and black. In Przewalski's Horse, the dorsal stripe is usually dark brown, while it is black in the bred-back Tarpan. In the Plains Zebra the dorsal stripe is narrow and edged by white, while in the Grevy's Zebra it is quite bold. The dorsal stripes of the Onager and Kiang are dark brown and especially vivid.

The dorsal stripe reflects the original coat color of the horse. Those on bay duns may be black or reddish while those on red duns are distinctly red. Dorsal stripes on dun horses with the cream gene seem unaffected by cream: smoky black-duns ("smoky grullas"), buckskin-duns ("dunskins") and palomino-duns ("dunalinos") have black, brown, or red dorsal stripes as well. So-called "countershading dorsals," which are dorsal stripes occurring on non-dun horses, are a darker shade of the horse's coat color. Countershading dorsal stripes may be seasonal, waning or disappearing altogether during a particular time of year.

Leg bars and markings

Also called "zebra bars", "tiger stripes",cite web |url=http://www.equinecolor.com/dun.html |title=Dun |publisher=Equine Color |accessdate=2008-06-20] or "garters", leg bars are the most common accessory to the dorsal stripe. Leg bars are most commonly seen on or above the knees and hocks and reflect the underlying coat color. Leg bars on bay duns are black within the points, and reddish above them.cite web |url=http://www.duncentralstation.com/AdultMarkings.html |title=Adult Markings |publisher=Dun Central Station |accessdate=2008-06-20]

Leg bars are prominent on Grevy's Zebras and Mountain Zebras, and African Wild Asses also have well-defined black leg bars below the forearm and gaskin on a white or pale background. However, as in horses, expression of leg bars seems to vary widely among Donkeys, Plains Zebras and Przewalski's Horses, while they appear very seldom or not at all in Onagers, and Kiangs.

Leg markings may also take the form of blotches, patches, marbling, mottling, or spotting.

Other markings

While they are less common than leg bars, some horses with primitive markings also possess vertically-oriented markings which may be arranged as bars, fine striping or smudges. Such markings include:
* Vertical striping is described by its location: neck, withers, shoulders. These markings, particularly on the shoulder, are the most common. Indistinct or poorly-defined markings in these regions are often called neck or shoulder "smudges", "patches", or "shadows". Especially large markings are called neck or shoulder "capes". These markings are very common among other equids: Donkeys are known for their distinct shoulder stripe, and among their fancy it is called the "cross." Kiangs also exhibit some shoulder smudging.
* Dorsal barbs are suggestions of vertical striping on either side of the dorsal stripe. Dorsal barbs may be so closely placed that they resemble secondary dorsal stripes. Dorsal barbs are also called "fishboning."cite web |url=http://www.dungenes.org/definitions.html |title=Definitions |publisher=Dungenes |accessdate=2008-06-26]
* Rib marks are extended, perhaps interrupted dorsal barbs. They are usually fine, faint stripes and may be responsible for some horses classified as brindle.
* A Ventral stripe runs along the midline of the underbelly of the horse. They are usually wide and are uncommon.
* Zippers are lines of paler hairs running vertically along the back of the animal's leg, usually from the hoof to the knee.cite web |url=http://www.duncentralstation.com/Grulla.html |title=Grulla |publisher=Dun Central Station |accessdate=2008-06-26 |quote= "Zippers" on the backs of the fetlocks of dun dilute colored horses is a common sight. When clipped, the light line running up the back of the fetlock will be very crisp.] Because they consist of paler hairs and are found where horses often have feathering, zippers are considered by some to be guard hairs.
* Bider markings are only known in Przewalski's horses and native Mongolian horses from nearby. The bider is mostly symmetrical and found near the front of each shoulder, near the chest. The size of the bider ranges from a small dark spot to a large, webbed cape of darker skin and hair. ^{[Wikipedia:Footnotes| [broken footnote]}

Head markings

Many primitive markings may occur on the animal's head.
* Cobwebbing, also called "spiderwebbing", consists of fine, radial stripes on the forehead. Among other equids, cobwebbing is most apparent in zebras.
* Face masks are areas of darker hair on the lower half of the face. These are very common.
* Ear marks are dark markings on the ears, whether the marking involves on the rim, half the back of the ear, or distinct barring or striping on the back of the ear. These are seen almost universally throughout the Equidae.
* Ear tips are tiny white or paler tips on the ear.
* Eye spots are found around the eyes. They are quite rare but may be across the eye, over it, or under it.

Guard hairs

The dorsal stripe runs through the mane and tail of a dun horse, so the center of the mane and tail are darker. The outer edges may be significantly lighter, even close to white. These paler hairs are seen at the base of the tail and on the edges of the mane. The presence of guard hairs may also be called "frosting" as well. Such characteristics are very visible among the Fjord horses, which have their sandwich-patterned manes shaved short and upright. The presence of paler guard hairs on the mane and tail is seen throughout the Equidae.

Primitive markings in non-dun horses

Primitive markings can also occur on non-dun horses, even in breeds such as Thoroughbreds, Arabians, and Standardbreds, which are not known to have any dun individuals. The most common primitive marking found is a dorsal stripe; others do occur, but not without the dorsal stripe, even on non-duns.

Dorsal stripes and other primitive markings on non-dun horses are commonly called "countershading dorsals" because they seldom occur on clear-coated horses. The term countershading refers to any coloration that breaks up the outline of the animal: from a distance, countershaded animals - be they horses or birds - appear two-dimensional and are much more difficult to see. Primitive markings on non-duns are often seasonal, visible only when the horse is shedding its coat.cite web |url=http://www.duncentralstation.com/Look-A-LikeCollages.html |title=Look-A-Like Collages |work=Dun Look-A-Likes |publisher=Dun Central Station |author=Nancy Castle |accessdate=2008-06-26] Such primitive markings also seem to be heritable, as horses with prominent countershading dorsals often produce offspring with the same.

Primitive markings in foals

Many foals, particularly if they are buckskin, smoky black or black, are born with primitive markings such as dorsal stripes and leg bars that disappear after the foal coat sheds. Such horses are sometimes mistakenly registered as dun. This error seems particularly common in foals that will turn gray.

References