SS Mohegan

The SS "Mohegan" was a steamer which sank off the coast of the Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall. She hit The Manacles on 14 October 1898.

Design and construction

The ship started life as the "Cleopatra", a mixed passenger liner and animal carrier. She was built alongside four others at Earle’s Shipbuilding and Engine Company, Hull, for the Wilson & Furness-Leyland Line. She was rated A1 at Lloyd's of London. She was built for 'safety at sea' and was equipped with eight watertight bulkheads, failsafe lighting and pumping systems, eight lifeboats capable of carrying 59 passengers each and three compasses. She could carry 120 first class passengers, with stalls for 700 cattle.

She did not serve with the Wilson & Furness-Leyland Line, instead being purchased by the Atlantic Transport Line, who were seeking to replace ships that had been requisitioned as troop transports by the United States government for use in the Spanish-American War. The other four ships acquired in this period were the "Alexandria", "Boadicea", "Victoria" and "Winifreda", at a cost of around £140,000 per ship.

As the "Cleopatra"

She sailed on her maiden voyage from London to New York on 31 July 1898, arriving on 12 August 1898. A number of defects were quickly revealed, her water system feeding the boilers malfunctioned and there were a number of serious leaks. The blame was placed on a rushed construction, and the crew struggled to keep the ship operational. The passengers protested to the company about the poor condition of the ship, but also reported "the splendid conduct of the officers and crew." The "Cleopatra" returned to London, limited to half-speed the crossing took 21 days. Once she had docked an extensive programme of repairs was undertaken, which eventually lasted 41 days. She was then trialled, and inspected by the Board of Trade. She was pronounced fit to sail, and was duly renamed "Mohegan".

As the "Mohegan"

"Mohegan" sailed from Tilbury Docks at 2:30pm on 13 October 1898, under the command of the 42 year old Captain Robert Griffiths. She carried 57 passengers, 97 crew, seven cattlemen, and 1,286 tons of spirits, beer, and antimony. She arrived off Dover at 7:30 that evening, dropping her pilot. A report on the progress so far from the Assistant Engineer was probably landed at this time. A few minor leaks and electrical failures were reported but otherwise no major problems had been encountered.

"Mohegan" then reached her maximum speed as she sailed down the English Channel bound for New York. She kept close to the coast as she passed Cornwall, but took the wrong bearing. This was noticed by some of the officers and crew. They had noticed that the Eddystone Lighthouse was too far away and the coast being too close. She neared the entrance of Falmouth Harbour and turned towards the entrance of the Helford River and on down The Lizard coast without slowing from 13 knots. This was noticed by the Coverack coastguard which attempted to signal to her with warning rockets. The "Mohegan" was either unaware or took no notice, and maintained her course. James Hill coxwain of the Porthoustock lifeboat saw the ship lights ablaze heading at full speed towards the Manacle Rocks. With a cry of 'She's coming right in!' he called his crew.

Wrecked on the Manacles

The crew were finally alerted now to the danger, whether by the signals from shore or by the 'old Manacle bell' from the buoy, and the engines were stopped at 6:50pm, but too late. The "Mohegan" ran onto the Manacles, embedding the rudder into the rock and tearing the hull open. The ship had struck Vase Rock, and now drifted onto the Maen Varses reef. Dinner was being served at the time, and many of the passengers were initially unaware of the severity of the accident. The engine room was almost immediately flooded to three feet. The steam gauges broke and the crew rushed to the deck. The ship was plunged into darkness soon after. With the loss of power the passengers made their way onto the deck, where attempts were made to launch the lifeboats.

Captain Griffith had ordered the fitting of a high second rail inboard of the lifeboats to prevent them being rushed in the event of an emergency, but this now hampered the loading and launching of the boats. Further problems were encountered when the ship listed to port then heavily to starboard. Few of the lifeboats were launched successfully, several capsizing in the rough seas. The ship rolled and sank 12 minutes after hitting the rocks, with the loss of 106 lives. Captain Griffith, Assistant Engineer William Kinley and all of the officers went down with the ship. Only her funnel and four masts remained above water. The Porthoustock lifeboat "Charlotte" was launched in 30 minutes and was able to rescue some survivors from the wreck and the water.

Aftermath

Most of the recovered bodies of the drowned were buried in a mass gave in St Keverne churchyard, which was given a memorial stained glass window by the Atlantic Transport Line. Some bodies were sent to London for burial, whilst eight were shipped to New York on the "Mohegan"’s sister ship "Menominee". The Scottish poet William McGonagall immortalized the tragedy in his poem "The Wreck of the Steamer "Mohegan" [cite web|url=http://www.mcgonagall-online.org.uk/poems/lpgmohegan.htm|title=The Wreck of the Steamer "Mohegan"|work=McGonagall Online|accessdate=2008-06-24] Most of the cargo was salvaged, though a diver lost his life in the process. The wreck gradually disintegrated in the following years.

The wreck of the "Mohegan" and in the next year the stranding of the liner SS "Paris" on Lowland point led to the introduction of the Coverack lifeboat. The remains of the wreck are popular with divers, and artefacts such as crockery and brass portholes are occasionally recovered.

Controversy

The sinking was the greatest disaster in the history of the Atlantic Transport Line to date, and occurred in mysterious circumstances, the ship had steered off course. The inquest recorded

"that a wrong course - W. by N. - was steered after passing the Eddystone, at 4.17 pm.,"

The loss of all of the officers in the wreck meant that no explanation could be found for the course, and it was ascribed to human error. It was later rumoured that Captain Griffiths had survived the sinking, and been rescued by the lifeboat, but had fled on its arrival on shore. It was supposed that he was an Atlantic Transport Line shareholder, and was in some financial trouble. He had therefore wrecked the "Mohegan" in order to collect the insurance money. Griffiths would not have received any of the insurance himself though, but rather the blame for the loss of the ship. The ship was also an important asset for the company, which had lost most of its fleet to the US government, and the further loss of the "Mohegan" further damaged the company. The "Mohegan" had also only been insured for £112,000, £28,000 less than the £140,000 that had been paid for her.

References

* [http://www.geocities.com/jckinghorn/ATL/content/24Mohegan.htm Report on the career and sinking]
* [http://www.st-keverne.com/History/mohegan/mohegan.html The wreck of the Mohegan]
* [http://www.submerged.co.uk/mohegan.php A diver's report on the Mohegan]
* [http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=940DE0DB1030E333A25756C1A9669D94699ED7CF&oref=slogin New York Times report of the sinking]