Coloradoite

Coloradoite
Coloradoite from the La Plata District of Colorado
General
Category	Telluride mineral
Chemical formula	HgTe
Strunz classification	02.CB.05a
Crystal symmetry	Isometric hextetrahedral H–M Symbol: (43m) Space group: F43m
Unit cell	a = 6.453 Å; Z = 4
Identification
Color	Iron-black inclining to gray
Crystal habit	Massive, granular
Crystal system	Cubic
Fracture	Uneven to subconchordial
Tenacity	Brittle
Mohs scale hardness	2.5
Luster	Bright metallic
Streak	Black
Diaphaneity	Opaque
Specific gravity	8.10
References	[1][2][3]

Coloradoite, also known as mercury telluride (HgTe), is a rare telluride ore associated with metallic deposit (especially gold and silver). Gold usually occurs within tellurides (e.g. Coloradoite) as a high finess native-metal (Fadda et al., 2005).^[4]

The quest for mining led to the discovery of telluride ores which were found to be associated with metals. Tellurides are ingrown into ores containing these precious metals and are also responsible for a significant amount these metals being produced. Coloradoite a member of the coordination subclass of tellurides is a covalent compound that is isostructural with sphalerite (ZnS) (Povarennykh, 1972).^[5] Its chemical properties are highly instrumental in distinguishing it from other tellurides. First discovered in Colorado in 1877, other deposits containing coloradoite have been discovered since then. Although it plays an important role in the geology of minerals, it can also be used for other purposes.

Introduction

Telluride ores occur mainly with metal deposits. In 1848, C.T. Jackson was the first to discover an American mineral containing the element tellurium in the Whitehall mine, in Spotsylvania County, near Frederickson, VA. (Kemp, 1898).^[6] Tellurides of gold were first discovered in 1782 in Transylvania and subsequently other telluride ores were found in other parts of the world (Mark and Scibird, 1908). The first discovery and description of coloradoite was by Frederick Augustus Genth in the Boulder veins of Colorado in 1877 (Kelly and Goddard, 1969)^[7] and so named after the place of discovery. Other studies have reported its occurrence in other mines of the region and also in mines of the world's significant telluride locations. First classified in the 02 class of minerals by James Dana (Dana, 1904),^[8] its classification number is 02.08.02.05. It is also has a Strunz classification of 02.CB.05a, as a metal sulfide with gold, silver, iron, copper and other metals (Strunz and Nickel, 2001).^[9]

Composition

The chemical formula for coloradoite is HgTe. Theoretically the composition (%) of HgTe is Hg 61.14, Te 38.86 (Vlasov, 1966);^[10] Table 1 shows results from a chemical analyses reported by Vlasov on samples collected from two different locations. Because it is found with other telluride ores, it carries some other metals like gold and silver (Wallace, 1908).^[11] In its pure form, it has the composition mentioned above. A little hard to identify, petzite which is hazardous could be mistaken for coloradoite, on the other hand, petzite is anisotropic as opposed to coloradoite being an isotropic mineral(Ramdohr, 1980).^[12] It is a binary compound with the general formula AX.

Table 1. Results of chemical analyses of coloradoite (%) (Vlasov, 1966)
Components	Kalgoorlie, Western Australia		Lake Shore, Ontario
Hg	60.95	61.62	58.55
Pb	-	-	1.60
Te	39.98	38.43	39.10
Insoluble Residue	-	-	0.25
Total	100.33	100.05	99.50

Structure

Coloradoite has a sphalerite structure also known as the “diamond” or “blende” structure; a face centered cubic array in which Hg2+ are in tetrahedral coordination with Te2-, with a stacking sequence of ABCABC (Klein and Dutrow, 2007).^[13] The tetrahedral in the sphalerite group a joined together through their apices and rotated through 60̊ with respect to each other (Stanton, 1972).^[14] Figure 1 shows the atomic structure of coloradoite. The structure is a unit cube with the Te2- ions at the corners and face centers. The four mercury atoms are coordinated so that each mercury atom lies at the center of a regular tetrahedron of tellurium atoms and each tellurium lies at the center of a regular tetrahedron of mercury atoms. Its crystal point group of *43m and space group is F*43m (Anthony et al., 1990).^[15] It is a covalent compound with a high proportion of metallic bonding, due to its low valencies and even lower interatomic distances (Povarennykh). It is also isotropic, meaning it has just one refractive index.

Physical properties

Coloradoite is a brittle, massively granular mineral, with a hardness of 2.5. (Vlasov, 1966) ^[16] It has a metallic luster, which could be explained by the presence of metallic bonding in the crystal. Its specific gravity is 8.10 and is an opaque mineral with colors iron-black inclining to gray; in polished sections, and white with slight grayish brown tint, tarnishing to dull purple. Its fracture is uneven to subconchordial with a cell length of 6.44 angstroms (Anthony et al., 1990).^[15] For ease of identification, its etching tests are as follows; With HNO3 it slowly produces a weak brown variegated deposit that acts as a protector to the surface and can be removed completely; with Aqua regia it effervesces and produces a weak deposit that can be rubbed off and white, radiating spherules are formed, reaction with FeCl3 yields a browning of the surface at different rates and produces black rims of droplet (Ramdohr, 1980).^[17] Reactions with HCl, KCN, KOH and HgCl2 yield no precipitates or residue as opposed to petzite which turns dark brown with HNO3 (Ramdohr, 1980).^[17]

Geologic occurrence

Coloradoite was first discovered in 1877 by F.A Genth, from the Smuggler mine at Balarat and the Keystone and Mountain Lion mines of the Magnolia district in Colorado, USA ( Kelly and Goddard, 1969);^[18] it was named after the state it was found in. Later studies showed its existence in other mines of the region as well as Kalgoorlie, Australia and Kirkland Lake District, Canada (Bateman, 1956). It is found in large quantities in ores made up of intergrown tellurium, calverite or sylvanite, melonite and altaite, as anhedral grains either enclosed in single crystals of tellurium or localized along grain boundaries in tellurium aggregates, among others (Kelly and Goddard, 1969).^[18] The tectonic settings for ore deposits are; (a) Magmatic deposits (Waarkraal, South Africa) (b) Contact metasomatic ( Nickel Plate mine, British Columbia, (c) Lode and Massive replacement deposits ( Kirkland Lake , Ontario and South Dakota respectively), and (d) Cavity filling (Cripple Creek , Colorado, Kalgoorlie, Australia) (Bateman, 1956). Tellurides are accountable for just about 20% of gold production and gold mineralization is hosted chiefly by Archean-aged dolerites and basalts that have been metamorphosed to the greenschist facies. This mineralization occurs in hundreds of auriferous and telluride-bearing lodes (Shackleton et al., 2003).^[19]

References

1. ^ Handbook of Mineralogy
2. ^ Mindat.org
3. ^ Webmineral data
4. ^ Fadda, S., Fiori, M., Silvana and Grillo, M. (2003) Chemical variations in tetrahedrite - tennantite minerals from the Furtei epithermal Au deposit, Sardinia, Italy: Mineral zoning and ore fluids evolution. (2005), Bulgarian Academy os Sciences. Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrology. 43. Sofia. Pg 79.
5. ^ Povarennykh, A.S. Crystal Chemical classification of minerals. (1972) Vol I, pg 120 – 121
6. ^ Kemp, J. F. Geological occurrence and Associates of The Telluride Gold Ores: The Mining Industry, Its Statistics, Technology and Trade in the United States and Other Countries. (1989) Vol. 6, Pg 296
7. ^ Kelly, William C. and Edwin N. Goddard. Telluride Ores of Boulder County, Colorado. (1969) The Geological Society of America Inc. Memoir 109, pg 79-80
8. ^ Dana, E. S. The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana: 1837–1868; Descriptive Mineralogy. (1904) 6th Edition.
9. ^ Strunz, H., Nickel H. E., Strunz mineralogical tables: chemical-structural mineral classification system. (2009) 9th Edition.
10. ^ Vlasov, K.A. Geochemistry and Mineralogy of rare Elements and Genetic Types of Their Deposits. Volume II Mineralogy of Rare Elements. Israel Program for Scientific Translation. (1966), pg 740-741
11. ^ Wallace, J.P. A study of Ore Deposits for the Practical Miner with descriptions of Ore Minerals. (1908)
12. ^ Ramdohr, P. The Ore minerals and their intergrowths. (1980) Second edition. Volume II, pg 524 1980.
13. ^ Klein, C., Dutrow, B.: The 23rd Edition of the Manual of Mineral Science (After JD Dana). Wiley, Hoboken (2007)
14. ^ Stanton, RL, 1972, Ore petrology: New York, McGraw- Hill
15. ^ ^{a b} John W. Anthony, Richard A Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bkadh and Monte C. Nichols; Handbook of Mineralogy. Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts. Mineral Data Publishing. Tucson, Arizona. Pg 105
16. ^ Vlasov, K.A. Geochemistry and Mineralogy of rare Elements and Genetic Types of Their Deposits. Volume II Mineralogy of Rare Elements. Israel Program for Scientific Translation. (1966), pg 740-741.
17. ^ ^{a b} Ramdohr, P. The Ore minerals and their intergrowths. (1980) Second edition. Volume II, pg 524 1980
18. ^ ^{a b} Kelly, William .C. and Edwin N. Goddard. Telluride Ores of Boulder County, Colorado. (1969) The Geological Society of America Inc. Memoir 109, pg 79-80
19. ^ Shackleton, J. M., G. Spry, P.G., and Bateman, R. (2003) Telluride Mineralogy of The Golden Mile Deposit, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. The Canadian Mineralogist, v 41, no 6 pg 1503-1524.

External links

• Coloradoite at WebElements.com