Eugene Marais

Eugène Nielen Marais (9 January, 1871 – 29 March, 1936) was a South African lawyer, naturalist, poet and writer.

His early years, before and during the Boer War

Marais ('mah-REH', silent s) was born in Pretoria,ref|opperman the thirteenth and last child of his parents, Jan Christiaan Nielen Marais and Catharina. He attended school in Pretoria, Boshof and Paarl and much of his early education was in English, as were his earliest poems. He matriculated at the age of sixteen.ref|schirmer After leaving school he worked in Pretoria as a legal clerk and then as a journalist before becoming owner (at the tender age of twenty) of a newspaper called Land en Volk (lit. Land and (the Afrikaner) People). He involved himself deeply in local politics. He began taking opiates at an early age and graduated to morphine (then considered to be non-habitforming and a safer drug) very soon thereafter. He became addicted and his addiction ruled his affairs and actions to a greater or lesser extent throughout his life. When asked for the reasons for taking drugs, he variously pleaded ill health, insomnia and, later, the untimely death of his wife. Much later, he blamed accidental addiction while ill with malaria in Mozambique. Some claim that his use of drugs was experimental and influenced by the philosophy of de Quincey.ref|rousseau He married Aletta Beyers but she died from puerperal fever a year later, eight days after the birth of their son, Marais' only child. In 1897 -- still in his mid-twenties -- he went to London, initially to read medicine. However, under pressure from his friends, he entered the Inner Temple to study law.ref|rousseau (He qualified as an advocate). When the Boer War broke out in 1899, he was put on parole as an enemy alien in London. During the latter part of the war he joined a German expedition that sought to ship ammunition and medicines to the Boer Commandos via Portuguese East Africa (now Mozambique). However, he was struck down in this tropical area by malaria and before the supplies could be delivered to the Boers the war ended.

After the war

From 1905 he studied nature in the Waterberg ("Water mountain"), an area of wilderness north of Pretoria and wrote in his native Afrikaans about the animals he observed. His studies of termites led him to the conclusion that the colony should be considered as a single organism. Although Marais could not have known it, he was anticipating some of the ideas of Richard Dawkins. In the Waterberg Marais also studied the black mamba, spitting cobra and puff adder.ref|hogan He also observed baboon troops at lengthref|marais and he was the father of the scientific study of the behavior of primates.

Embittered by the horrors of the Boer War, Marais refused to translate his works into English and as a result they remained almost unknown outside of southern Africa, which is the only place in the world where Afrikaans is spoken to any degree.

His book "Die Siel van die Mier" (lit. "The soul of the ant" but usually given in English as the "Soul of the White Ant") was plagiarized by Nobel laureate Maurice Maeterlinck, who published "The Life of the White Ant" in 1926, falsely claiming many of Marais' revolutionary ideas as his own. Maurice Maeterlinck was able to do this because he was Belgian and, though his mother tongue was French, he was fluent in Dutch, from which Afrikaans was derived. It was common at the time for worthy articles published in Afrikaans to be reproduced in Flemish and Dutch magazines and journals.

Marais contemplated legal action against Maeterlinck but gave up the idea in the face of the costs and logistics involved.ref|rousseau Marais had by now for some time been a morphine addict and suffered from melancholy, insomnia, depression and feelings of isolation. The theft of his ideas weighed heavily on his mind and some say this caused his final demise, although others argue that the issue had an energizing and invigorating effect. Certainly it brought him back into the public eye in a favorable way.ref|rousseau In 1936, deprived of morphine for some days, he finally borrowed a shotgun (on the pretext of killing a snake) and shot himself in the chest. The wound was not fatal and Marais therefore placed the end of the weapon in his mouth and pulled the trigger. This occurred on the farm Pelindaba, belonging to his friend, Gustav S. Preller. For those who are familiar with the dark moods of certain of Marais' poems there is a black irony here; in Zulu, Pelindaba means "the end of the business" – although the more common interpretation is "Place of great gatherings".

Legacy

Marais' work as a naturalist, although by no means trivial (he was one of the first scientists to practice ethology and was repeatedly acknowledged as such by Robert Ardreyref|ardrey), gained less public attention and appreciation than his contributions as an artist. He is amongst the greatest of the Afrikaner poets and remains one of the most popular, although his output was not large. Opperman described him as the first professional Afrikaner poet; Marais believed that craft was as important as inspiration for poetry. Along with J.H.H. de Waal and G.S. Preller, he was a leading light in the Second Afrikaans (language) Movement in the period immediately after the Second Boer War, which ended in 1902. Some of his finest poems deal with the wonders of life and nature but he also wrote about inexorable Death. He was (sometimes) a religious man and in certain of his works (such as "Job") the influence of the Bible is obvious. Although an Afrikaner patriot, Marais was sympathetic to the cultural values of the black tribal peoples of the Transvaal; this is seen in poems such as "Die Dans van die Reën" (The dance of the rain). The following translation of Marais' "Winternag" is by J. W. Marchant:

"Winter's Night"

O the small wind is frigid and spare
and bright in the dim light and bare
as wide as God's merciful boon
the veld lies in starlight and gloom
and on the high lands
spread through burnt bands
the grass-seed, astir, is like beckoning hands.
O East-wind gives mournful measure to song
Like the lilt of a lovelorn lass who's been wronged
In every grass fold
bright dewdrop takes hold
and promptly pales to frost in the cold!

The Marais name

The progenitors of the Marais name in the region were Charles and Claude Marais, from the Paris region of France.ref|france The Marais name has retained its original French spelling and pronunciation in South Africa.

References

# Ces Francais Qui Ont Fait L'Afrique Du Sud. Translation: The French People Who Made South Africa. [http://www.amazon.fr/dp/2841000869 Bernard Lugan. January 1996. ISBN 2841000869']
# Opperman, D.J. Undated but probably 1962. Senior verseboek. Nasionale Boekhandel Bpk, Kaapstad. Negende druk, 185pp
# Schirmer, P. 1980. The concise illustrated South African encyclopedia. Central News Agency, Johannesburg. First edition, about 212pp.
# Rousseau, Leon 1982, The Dark Stream -- The Story of Eugene Marais. Jonathan Ball Publishers, JeppesTown.
# Hogan, C.Michael, Mark L. Cooke and Helen Murray, "The Waterberg Biosphere", Lumina Technologies Inc, May 22, 2006. [http://www.luminatechnologies.org/lumaw.html]
# Marais, Eugene, "Soul of the Ape", Human and Rousseau (1937)
# Ardrey, Robert The Territorial Imperative: A Personal Inquiry into the Animal Origins of Property and Nations, 1966

Bibliography

* The Soul of the White Ant, 1937, First published as "Die Siel van die Mier" in 1925, in Afrikaans
* The Soul of the Ape , 1919, Published posthumously in 1969.

External links

* [http://www.geocities.com/eugene_marais_poet/ Eugene Marais the Poet] Some key poems by Eugene Marais (in Afrikaans)
* [http://www.encounter.co.za/article/140.html Encounter South Africa] Article
* [http://www.soilandhealth.org/03sov/0302hsted/030213marais/The%20Soul%20of%20the%20White%20Ant%20-%20Marais%20-%20ToC.htm The Soul of the White Ant] online
* [http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/people/bios/marais,e.htm sahistory.org.za] Entry on Eugene Marais
* [http://mittonpienaar.za.net/enmarais.php Works of Eugene Marais] Full text of some works by Eugene Marais.