Brihadeeswarar temple

Infobox Mandir

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creator = Raja Raja Chola
Original_name = PERUVUDIAYAAR TEMPLE
proper_name = Peruvudaiyaar Koil [Peruvudiayaar Temple]
date_built = 11th century AD
primary_deity = PERUVUDIAYAAR = Brihadeeswarar (Shiva)
architecture = Dravidian Architecture
location = ThanjavurThe Brihadishwara Temple (Tamil: _ta. பெருவுடையார் கோவில்), also known as Rajarajeswaram [South Indian Inscriptions - VolII, Part I& II] , at Thanjavur is a brilliant example of the major heights achieved by Cholas in temple architecture. The temple is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Great Living Chola Temples". This temple is one of India's most prized architectural sites. The temple stands amidst fortified walls that were probably added in the 16th century. The 'Vimana' or the temple tower is convert|216|ft|m|abbr=on high [Middle Chola Temples, S.R.Balasubrahmanyam] (about 70 meters) and is among the tallest of its kind in the world. The 'Shikhara' (bulbous structure on the top) of the temple is itself very large and heavy (81.25 tons). The entire temple structure is made out of hard granite stones - hardly available in Thanjavur area where the temple is located.

The temple is an example of the architectural conception of the pure form of the dravida type of temple architecture and representative of the Chola Empire ideology and the Tamil civilisation in Southern India. The temples "testify to the brilliant achievements of the Chola in architecture, sculpture, painting and bronze casting". [cite web
author=
year=
url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250
title=Great Living Chola Temples
publisher=UNESCO.org
accessdate=2008-01-21]

History

The temple had its foundations laid out by the ambitious emperor Chola king Rajaraja Chola I in 1002 CE, as the first of the great Chola building projects. [cite web
author=
year=
url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/cholas.htm
title=The Chola Dynasty 300 B.C. to 1250 A.D.
publisher=kamat.com
accessdate=2008-01-22] Although there were later modifications bythe Chalukyan and Pallavas, the scale and grandeur is in the Chola tradition. An axial and symmetrical geometry rules the temple layout.cite book
first= Binda
last= Thapar
year= 2004
title= Introduction to Indian Architecture
edition=
publisher= Periplus Editions
location=Singapore
pages= pp 43, 52-53
id= ISBN 0794600115] Temples from this period and the following two centuries are an expression of the Chola wealth, power and artistic expertise. The emergence of such features as the multifaceted columns with projecting square capitals signal the arrival of the new Chola style.cite book
last =Mitchell
first =George
title = The Hindu Temple
publisher =University of Chicago Press
year =1988
location =Chicago
pages = p. 145–148
isbn = 0-266-53230-5]

The Brihadishwara Temple was built to be the royal temple to display the emperor's vision of his power and his relationship to the universal order. The temple was the site of the major royal ceremonies such as anointed the emperor and linking him with its deity, Shiva, and the daily rituals of the deities were mirrored by those of the king. The temple maintained a staff of 600 people in various capacities. Besides the Brahmin priest, these included record-keepers, musicians, scholars, and craftsman of every type as well as housekeeping staff. Even today, the Brihadishwara Temple remains India's largest.cite book
first=Francis D.K.
last= Ching et al
year= 2007
title= A Global History of Architecture
edition=
publisher=John Wiley and Sons
location=New York
pages= pp. 338–339
id= ISBN 0-471-82451-3]

Temple complex

The temple complex sits on the banks of a river that was channeled to make a moat around the complex's outer walls, the walls being built like a fortress. The complex is made up of many structures that are aligned axially. The complex can be entered either on one axis through a five-story gopuram with a second access directly to the huge main quadrangle through a smaller free-standing gopuram. The massive size of the main sikhara (although it is hollow on the inside and not meant to be occupied), is 63 meters in height, with 16 severely articulated stories, and dominates the main quadrangle. Pilaster, piers, and attached columns are placed rhythmically covering every surface of the shikhara.

Main temple

The main temple is in the center of the spacious quadrangle composed of a sanctuary, a Nandi, a pillared hall and an assembly hall (mandapas), and many sub-shrines. The most important part of the temple is the inner mandapa which is surrounded by massive walls that are divided into different levels by sharply cut sculptures and pilasters providing deep bays and recesses. Each side of the sanctuary has a bay emphasizing the principle cult icons. The garbhagriha, a Sanskrit word meaning the interior of the sanctum sanctorum, is the inner most sanctum and focus of the temple where an image of the primary deity, Shiva, resides. Inside is a huge stone linga Literally the word garbha griha means "womb chamber" from Sanskrit word "garbha" for womb. Only priests are allowed to enter this inner most chamber. [cite web
url=http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Garbhagriha/id/59594
title=Garbhagriha
publisher=
accessdate=2007-01-24] [cite web
url=http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php
title=Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent - Glossary
publisher=
accessdate=2007-01-24] In the Dravida style, the garbhagriha takes the form of a miniature vimana with other features exclusive to southern Indian temple architecture such as the inner wall together with the outer wall creating a pradakshina around the garbhagriha for circumambulation (pradakshina). The entrance is highly decorated. The inside chamber housing the image of the god is the sanctum sanctorum, the garbhagriha. The garbhagriha is square and sits on a plinth, its location calculated to be a point of total equilibrium and harmony as it is representative of a microcosm of the universe. In the center is placed the image of the deity. The circumambulation winds around the massive lingam in the garbhagriha and is repeated in an upper story, presenting the idea that Chola Empire freely offered access to the gods.

The inner mandapa leads out to a rectangular mandapa and then to a twenty-columned porch with three staircases leading down. Sharing the same stone plinth is a small open mandapa dedicated to Nandi, Shiva's sacred bull mount.

Adjoining structures

Surrounding the main temple are two walled enclosures. The outer wall is high, defining the temple complex area. Here is the massive gopuram or gateway mentioned above. Within this a portico, a barrel vaulted gorpuram with over 400 pillars, is enclosed by a high wall interspersed with huge gopurams axially lined up to the main temple.

Origin of Idea

The wish to build a temple like this is said to have occurred to Raja Raja while he stayed at "eezham" [today's Sri lanka] as a war head. He saw a lot of Buddha statues that were very tall, which would have made him wish to build a great temple to his cordial deity SHIVA.

Other

Not only the temple and "moolavar", [The main god of Temple( Shiva)] , All other sub-lords [Koshta Moorthigal] like Dhakshinamoorthy, Sun, moon all they are very huge sized. Especially, Brahadeeswar temple is one of the rare temples which is having statues for "astadiggpalakas" [Lords for the eight Direction [Indra, Varuna, Agni, Eesana, Vayu, Niruthi, Yama, Kubera] , that is also like a sitting of a real man i.e approximately 6 Feet.

Travel Information

[Please add more information] By Road

Reaching Thanjavur by air is one of the easiest ways of traveling to this tourist destination of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Many tourists and pilgrims from across the country travel to Thanjavur and the airways of the place come handy for them.

The airport closest to the important city of Thanjavur is located at a distance of about 65 km towards the east of Tiruchi. Many important places within India as well as the rest of the world are well connected to Trichy by flights. Some of the major places across the globe from where one can easily avail a flight to Trichy are Colombo, Middle East, Madurai and Chennai.

The airport located in Chennai, which is one of the metropolitan cities of India, can also be used for going to Thanjavur by rail. The airport of this city is located at a distance of about 350 km.

By Rail/Train

For traveling to Thanjavur by rail, one can avail all the major means of communication and the railways of the place is one of them. Many people who come to visit the city from other important parts of the country of India prefer to use the railway services of Thanjavur.

Thanjavur has a railway junction of its own, which helps the tourists to communicate between Thanjavur and many other prominent regions of the state of Tamil Nadu as well as the rest of the country. Some of the most significant places of the country from where one can easily avail a train for reaching Thanjavur by rail are Chennai, Tiruchi, Madurai and Nagore. All thees places are directly connected with Thanjavur by railways.

The trains that help to communicate between Thanjavur and other regions of India offer almost all the facilities that are required for a comfortable and safe train journey.

By Air

The airport closest to the important city of Thanjavur is located at a distance of about 65 km towards the east of Tiruchi. Many important places within India as well as the rest of the world are well connected to Trichy by flights. Some of the major places across the globe from where one can easily avail a flight to Trichy are Colombo, Middle East, Madurai and Chennai.

The airport located in Chennai, which is one of the metropolitan cities of India, can also be used for going to Thanjavur by rail. The airport of this city is located at a distance of about 350 km.

Brihadeshwara Temple in Historic Novels

# Balakumaran has written the story Udaiyar based on the life of Raja Raja Chola I and the building activities around Brihadeshwara temple
# Rajakesari, a historic novel written by Gokul Seshadri, happens during the later part of Rajaraja Chola's life - while the Brhiadeshwara temple is under construction. It is a historic thriller, with climax set in Brihadeshwara temple complex. [http://www.varalaaru.com/Default.asp?articleid=294 To read the novel, Click here]

Picture Gallery

External links

* [http://www.varalaaru.com/Default.asp?articleid=2 Raajarajeswaram - Part I] - Brihadeshwara Temple or Big Temple, Thanjavur - Period:Chola
* [http://www.varalaaru.com/Default.asp?articleid=14 Raajarajeswaram - Part 2] - Brihadeshwara Temple or Big Temple, Thanjavur - Period:Chola
* [http://www.varalaaru.com/Default.asp?articleid=38 Raajarajeswaram - Part 3] - Brihadeshwara Temple or Big Temple, Thanjavur - Period:Chola
* [http://www.varalaaru.com/Default.asp?articleid=104 Raajarajeswaram - Certain Revelations] - Brihadeshwara Temple or Big Temple, Thanjavur - Period:Chola
* [http://www.varalaaru.com/Default.asp?articleid=98 Raajarajeswaram - Architecture] - Brihadeshwara Temple or Big Temple, Thanjavur - Period:Chola
* [http://www.varalaaru.com/Default.asp?articleid=101 Raajarajeswaram - Inscriptions] - Brihadeshwara Temple or Big Temple, Thanjavur - Period:Chola
* [http://www.varalaaru.com/Default.asp?articleid=100 Raajarajeswaram - Chandeshwara Shrine] - Brihadeshwara Temple or Big Temple, Thanjavur - Period:Chola
* [http://www.varalaaru.com/Default.asp?articleid=63 Raajarajeswaram - Mural Restorations] - Brihadeshwara Temple or Big Temple, Thanjavur - Period:Chola
* [http://www.varalaaru.com/Default.asp?articleid=80 Raajarajeswaram - Saantharam Icons] - Brihadeshwara Temple or Big Temple, Thanjavur - Period:Chola
* [http://www.varalaaru.com/Default.asp?articleid=104 Raajarajeswaram - New Revealations] - Brihadeshwara Temple or Big Temple, Thanjavur - Period:Chola
* [http://www.varalaaru.com/Default.asp?articleid=105 Raajarajeswaram - A Travellogue] - Brihadeshwara Temple or Big Temple, Thanjavur - Period:Chola
* [http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/thanjavur/bri01.html Brihadishwara Temple]
* [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250 Unesco Great Living Chola Temples]
* [http://www.landarch.uiuc.edu/resources/courses/coursewebsites/LA218Web/0583145.html Photo of Brihadishwara Temple Plinth and Pillars]
* [http://www.landarch.uiuc.edu/resources/courses/coursewebsites/LA218Web/0573145.html Photo of Brihadishwara Gopurams]

Footnotes