Paenibacillus

Taxobox
color = lightgrey
name = "Paenibacillus"
regnum = Bacteria
divisio = Firmicutes
classis = Bacilli
ordo = Bacillales
familia = Paenibacillaceae
genus = "Paenibacillus"
genus_authority = Ash "et al." 1994
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision = "P. agarexedens"
"P. agaridevorans"
"P. alginolyticus"
"P. alkaliterrae"
"P. alvei"
"P. amylolyticus"
"P. anaericanus"
"P. antarcticus"
"P. assamensis"
"P. azoreducens"
"P. azotofixans"
"P. barcinonensis"
"P. borealis"
"P. brasilensis"
"P. campinasensis"
"P. chinjuensis"
"P. chitinolyticus"
"P. chondroitinus"
"P. cineris"
"P. cookii"
"P. curdlanolyticus"
"P. daejeonensis|"
"P. dendritiformis"
"P. durum"
"P. ehimensis"
"P. elgii"
"P. favisporus"
"P. glucanolyticus"
"P. glycanilyticus"
"P. gordonae"
"P. graminis"
"P. granivorans"
"P. hodogayensis"
"P. illinoisensis"
"P. jamilae"
"P. kobensis"
"P. koleovorans"
"P. koreensis"
"P. kribbensis"
"P. lactis"
"P. larvae"
"P. lautus"
"P. lentimorbus"
"P. macerans"
"P. macquariensis"
"P. massiliensis"
"P. mendelii"
"P. motobuensis"
"P. naphthalenovorans"
"P. nematophilus"
"P. odorifer"
"P. pabuli"
"P. peoriae"
"P. phyllosphaerae"
"P. polymyxa"
"P. popilliae"
"P. pulvifaciens"
"P. rhizosphaerae"
"P. sanguinis"
"P. stellifer"
"P. terrae"
"P. thiaminolyticus"
"P. timonensis"
"P. turicensis"
"P. validus"
"P. wynnii"
"P. xylanilyticus"

"Paenibacillus" is a genus of bacteria, originally included within "Bacillus". The name reflects this fact: Latin "paene" means "almost", and so the "Paenibacilli" are literally "almost Bacilli". The genus includes "P. larvae", which causes American foulbrood in honeybees.

Characteristics

Formally considered a morphotype of "B. subtilis", "Paenibacillus" species display complex patterns including the "T type" (tip-splitting), the "C type" (chiral), and the "V type" (vortex). These forms are stably inherited and exhibit many physiological and genetic traits distinct from "B. Subtilis" including β-galactosidase-like activity causing colonies to turn blue on X-gal plates and multiple drug resistance (MDR) (ampicillin, tetracycline, spectinomycin, and streptomycin.Drug resistance is not shown in liquid media, that is why this particular resistance is believed to be due to a surfactant-like liquid front that actually forms a particular pattern on the petri plate. Although drug resistance and the presence of the B-gal gene as well as their particular morphology on the petri plate are used to identify and characterize the species visually, because of their drug resistance it is very difficult to find selective criteria for mutant strains and therefore to select for insertion sequences flagged with drug resistance genes.

External links

* [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/47/2/289 PAEN515F] — Specific PCR for Paenibacillus genus based on 16S rRNA gene
* [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2005.01.017 rpoBPAEN] — Specific PCR for Paenibacillus genus based on rpoB gene
* [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2004.01536.x 16S rRNA x rpoB gene for Paenibacillus studies] — Use of rpoB gene analysis for identification and DGGE of nitrogen-fixing Paenibacillus species as an alternative to the 16S rRNA gene
* [http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/p/paenibacillus.html Taxonomy] — Paenibacillus Taxonomy