Milky spore

Paenibacillus popilliae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Firmicutes
Class:	Bacilli
Order:	Bacillales
Family:	Paenibacillaceae
Genus:	Paenibacillus
Species:	popilliae
Binomial name
Paenibacillus popilliae Dutky 1941

Paenibacillus popilliae (formerly Bacillus popilliae) is a soil-dwelling, Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium. It is responsible for a disease (commonly called milky spore) of the white grubs of Japanese beetles.

The adult Japanese beetles pupate in the July time frame (in the North East US) and feed on flowers and leaves of shrubs and garden plants. During this adult stage the beetles also mate and the females lay eggs in the soil in late July–early August. The eggs hatch soon afterwards and in this larval or grub stage, they feed on the roots of grass and other plants. As the weather gets cooler and winter approaches the grubs go deeper in the soil and feeding declines as they over-winter.

In this August time frame when the grubs are close to the surface and actively feeding they are vulnerable to infestation by Milky Spore. This is also the optimal time frame for turf inoculation or applications with Milky Spore to increase Milky Spore in the soil environment (there are product specific guidelines that should be followed for Milky Spore application).

Resident spores in the soil are swallowed by grubs during their normal pattern of feeding on roots. This ingestion of the spore by the host activates reproduction of the bacteria inside the grub. Within 7–21 days the grub will eventually die and as the grub decomposes, billions of new spores are released into the soil.

Milky Spore in the soil is not harmful to beneficial insects, birds, bees, pets or man; and Milky Spore like other bacteria is highly survivable in cold and drought conditions.

Sources

• Dutky, S.R. (1 July 1940). "Two New Spore-Forming Bacteria Causing Milky Diseases of Japanese Beetle Larvae". Journal of Agricultural Research (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture) 61 (1): 57–68. http://naldr.nal.usda.gov/NALWeb/Agricola_Link.asp?Accession=IND43969460. Retrieved 9 September 2009. 
• http://www.milkyspore.com/milkyspore.htm
• http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2001.html See Grub Control 1. Biological Control