Sydney Push

The Sydney Push was a predominantly left-wing intellectual sub-culture in Sydney from the late 1940s to the early '70s. Well known associates of The Push include John Flaus, Harry Hooton, Margaret Fink, Lex Banning, Eva Cox, Paddy McGuinness, David Makinson, Germaine Greer, Clive James, Robert Hughes, Frank Moorhouse and Lillian Roxon. In 1961-2, poet Les Murray resided in Brian Jenkins's Push household at Glen Street, Milsons Point, which became a mecca for associates visiting Sydney from Melbourne and other cities.

The Push operated in a pub culture and comprised a broad range of manual workers, musicians, lawyers, criminals, journalists and public servants as well as staff and students of Sydney University—predominantly though not exclusively in the Faculty of Arts. Rejection of conventional morality and authoritarianism formed their main common bond. From the mid-1960s, people from the New South Wales University of Technology (later renamed the University of New South Wales) also became involved.

Academic contributors

Some of the key intellectual figures in Push debates included philosophers David J. Ivison, George Molnar, Roelof Smilde, Darcy Waters and Jim Baker, as recorded in Baker's memoir "Sydney Libertarians and the Push", published in Libertarian Broadsheet in 1975 [See Baker A J "Sydney Libertarianism and the Push" [http://www.takver.com/history/aia/aia00026.htm] or at—] [ [http://www.nealemorison.com/wlmorison/sydlib.htm Sydney Libertarians and the Push] on Prof. W L Morison memorial site)] . Other active people included psychologists Terry McMullen and Geoff Whiteman, educationist David Ferraro, June Wilson, Les Hiatt, Ian Bedford, Ken Maddock and Alan Olding, among many others listed in the article. An understanding of libertarian values and social theory can be obtained from their publications, a few of which are available online [ [http://www.takver.com/history/sydney/indexsl.htm#waters Articles and Essays of and by Sydney Libertarians] ] [ [http://marxists.architexturez.net/history/australia/libertarians/index.htm Sydney Libertarianism] at the Marxists Internet Archive] . There are also interesting critical articles in the Arts Society's annual journal "Arna" by Baker [ Baker A. J. "The Politics of 1984" pp. 34-43, "Arna" (S.U. Arts Society, 1958)] and Molnar [ Molnar, George "Zamyatin's "We"—a libertarian viewpoint" pp. 11-20 , "Arna" (S.U. Arts Society, 1961)] whose essay on Zamyatin's "We" concluded:

". . . Orwell spins out to its last conclusion the illusion that the fate of freedom depends mainly on the colour of the ruling party. "We", precisely because it presents its rebels as apolitical, as individualists if you wish, cuts through this falsehood. Zamyatin's superior social insight, although presented and presumably gained artistically and not by way of scientific analysis, consists first in his firm rejection of the rationality or finality of history and, second, in his recognition that anarchic protest against those in power, not the capture of power, is at the core of freedom."

A representative collection of Sydney Libertarian essays was published by L. R. Hiatt in "The Sydney Line", printed in 1963 by the "Hellenic Herald", whose proprietor Nestor Grivas was a prominent non-academic Push personality and champion of sexual freedom.

John Anderson, the Scottish-born Challis Professor of Philosophy at Sydney University from 1927 until his retirement in 1958, was seminal in the formation of Sydney Libertarianism of which, however, he vigorously disapproved. In 1951, a group of his disciples, led by Jim Baker, had formed a proactive faction which split Anderson's Free Thought Society. They asserted that it was natural and desirable for critical thought to engender commensurate action, the principle on which the Libertarian Society was launched.

ocial and cultural life

The intellectual life of the Libertarians was mainly pursued in and around the university, including neighbouring pubs like May's, the Forest Lodge and the British Lion. On evenings and weekends, it overflowed into the much larger 'downtown' social milieu known as the Push, which flourished at a succession of pubs and other places of refreshment including the Tudor, Lincoln, Lorenzini's Wine Bar, Repin's Coffee Shop and, of greatest notoriety, the Royal George Hotel in Sussex Street.

Since the mid-1950s, before extended pub hours replaced 6 o'clock closing , Push nightlife commonly consisted of a meal at an inexpensive restaurant such as the Athenian or Hellenic Club ("the Greeks") or La Veneziana ("the Italians") followed by parties held most nights of the week at private residences. These were very lively occasions with singing of folksongs and bawdy ditties such as 'Professor John Glaister' and many others. [cite book | author = S Hogbotel & S Fuckes | title=Snatches & Lays -- Songs Miss Lilly White should never have taught us | publisher = Sun Books, Melbourne | year = 1973 | id = ISBN 0-7251-0164-4] Accompaniments were provided by accomplished guitarists and lutenists (Ian McDougall, John Earls, Terry Driscoll, Don Ayrton, Brian Mooney, Don Lee, Beth Schurr, Marian Henderson and others). [Fahey, W "Australian Folklore Unit" [http://warrenfahey.com/revival_sydney.htm] ] The late Don Henderson [Making of a song-writer—interview [http://donhenderson.com.au/hendo_interview.html] ] , Declan Affley and Martin Wyndham-Read [Martyn Wyndham-Read official site [http://www.martynwyndhamread.com/] ] are but three well known artists who learned much in the Push.

Protest and activism

Sydney Libertarianism adopted an attitude of permanent protest recognisable in the sociological theories of Max Nomad, Vilfredo Pareto and Robert Michels, which predicted the inevitability of elites and the futility of revolutions. They used phrases such as "anarchism without ends," "non-utopian anarchism," and "permanent protest" to describe their activities and theories. Others labelled them as the 'futilitarians'. An early Marx quotation, used by Wilhelm Reich as the motto for his "The Sexual Revolution", was adopted as a motto vis:

"Since it is not for us to create a plan for the future that will hold for all time, all the more surely what we contemporaries have to do is the uncompromising critical evaluation of all that exists, uncompromising in the sense that our criticism fears neither its own results nor the conflict with the powers that be."

Nevertheless, Push associates regularly assisted in organising and turning out for street demonstrations, e.g., against South African apartheid and in support of victims of the 1960 Sharpeville massacre; against the initial refusal of immigration minister Alexander Downer, Snr to grant political asylum to three Portuguese merchant seamen who jumped ship in Darwin; and against Australia's participation in the Vietnam War.

In line with the libertarians' rejection of conventional political models, electoral activism was foreign to the Push, save to urge non-voting and informal voting. At the election after prime minister Harold Holt failed to return from a swim, artist and film-maker David Perry produced a highly acclaimed poster featuring a stylised pig wearing a bow tie. Its message was "Whoever you vote for, a politician always gets in!"

Events in the news

The most dramatic public event to impinge on the Push was the mysterious Bogle-Chandler case of 1963 and its sequel, a heavily publicised inquest in which several Push personalities gave evidence. [ [http://www.boglechandler.com/ Bogle and Chandler] –a factual website with bibliography] Another memorable incident involved the discovery of what news media recognised as a dismembered murder victim in an unlocked trunk at the foot of a city train-station escalator. This was later revealed to be a collection of body parts, the property of a doctor, found and used in a macabre practical joke by a notorious confidence trickster, the late Ashleigh Sellors (known in the Push as 'Flash Ash').

Dispersal after 1964

The year 1964 saw the gradual demise of the Royal George Hotel as the prime focal venue of the Sydney Push which dispersed its bustling social life to other traditional venues like the Newcastle, Orient and Port Jackson hotels in The Rocks near Circular Quay and the Rose, Crown and Thistle at Paddington, but also to alternative central-city pubs including the United States and Edinburgh Castle. By the early 1970s, the Criterion Hotel on the corner of Liverpool and Sussex Streets had become the watering hole of the last of the Push die-hards. Meanwhile, Push hangers-on and 'tourists', now numbering hundreds, patronised pubs like the Four-in-Hand (Paddington) and the Commercial at Balmain, but these were venues of social entertainment, lacking the intellectual cameraderie, the informal folksong and the bohemian flavour of the 'George'.

The retired education professor Alan Barcan has published a personal account of his view of activism at Sydney University during the 1960s. Though he was not an eyewitness of Push life, he provides some relevant insights into how student life became infected by Push doctrines of freedom and rebellion, to a point at which the social movement was superseded and its leading personalities were dispersed or replaced with a new breed of social critics. [Barcan, A [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-30938339_ITM Student activists at Sydney University 1960-1967] ] . As described by Barcan, this period saw the emergence of mainstream talents like poets Les Murray and Geoffrey Lehmann, journalists David Solomon, Mungo MacCallum (Jnr) and Laurie Oakes, Oz magazine satirists Richard Neville, Richard Walsh and Martin Sharp, and maverick writer Bob Ellis. These were people who did not actively embrace the Push life but were strongly influenced by it.

Push personalities who emigrated to the United Kingdom included Clive James [ who sailed on the "Bretagne", New Year's Eve, 1961, as recorded in his "Unreliable Memoirs" (1980) p. 166] , Paddy McGuinness, Chester (Phillip Graham) and Ian Parker (pictured above) who was knocked down and killed by a vehicle in a Sydney street. Paddy McGuinness and his friend Ian Parker had returned to Australia years before where McGuinness became a Right-Wing newspaper pundit until his death in 2007. Folksinger John Earls went to Bolivia and former "Tribune" (Communist Party of Australia newsaper) cartoonist Harry Reade went to join Fidel Castro's revolution in Cuba. The disabled poet Lex Banning travelled to England and Greece in 1962-64 but returned and died in Sydney in 1965. The accomplished folksinger Don Ayrton departed to settle at Kuranda in Queensland. A grievous tragedy occurred as Paddy McGuinness was departing to Italy aboard a ship in 1964. The farewelling crowd included an attractive young Push lady, Jan Millar, who fell to the concrete dock floor from a height and suffered fatal head injuries. A number of other tragic deaths occurred in this decade, including some from substance abuse which was becoming a regular part of Sydney culture at the time.

It must also be recorded that many talented young associates simply moved on to careers in the professions and academia. Few will ever forget the supplementary education they received from the Push. A reunion held at the Royal George/Slip Inn in 2000 attracted over 100.

The following observation by Anne Coombs, cited by Alan Barcan [ in [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-30938339_ITM Student activists at Sydney University 1960-1967] ] is an apt last word on the demise of the Push:

" [For the bulk of Australian society,] change started only in 1964, when the visit of the Beatles initiated 'youth culture'. In advocating free love and opposition to authority, the Push and the Libertarians anticipated the new post-1968 morality. But the adoption of many of their ideas by society undermined their "raison d'être"."

References

Bibliography

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External links

* [http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/push/ "The Push" (Australia's Culture Portal]
* [http://www.maths.unsw.edu.au/~jim/push.html "The Push and Critical Drinkers"]
* [http://www.takver.com/history/sydney/indexsl.htm#waters Essays on Sydney Libertarians and Anarchism]
* [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-30938339_ITM "Student activists at Sydney University 1960-1967: a problem of interpretation"] by Alan Barcan
* [http://theroyalgeorge.blogspot.com/ Tales of The Royal George]