1913 Great Strike

The Great Strike refers to a near general strike that took place in New Zealand in 1913. The dispute began on the Wellington waterfront and spread to other industries around the country.

Origins

In 1909 militant trade unionists had formed the New Zealand Federation of Labour (the "Red Feds") an organisation opposed to the Liberal governments Industrial Consolidation and Arbitration Act, which labour disputes to be settled though conciliation boards and arbitration courts. Unionists had several complaints about the arbitration system; it failed to increase wages in line with the cost of living, didn't compel employers to pay for all hours of work, and the provisions for employers hiring workers at less than agreed rates were considered too loose. The growth in the number of unions in the early 1900s increased the arbitration courts workload to the point that unions could wait up to a year before getting a hearing. [Erik Olssen "The Red Feds: Revolutionary Industrial Unionism and the New Zealand Federation of Labour 1908-14" p.xi-xiii] In 1905 an amendment to the act made strikes and lockouts illegal where there was an award covering employers and workers, and another amendment in 1907 increased the penalties for striking illegally, only unions registered under the Trade Union Act passed the following year could legally strike. With the forming of the federation, affiliated unions withdrew from the IC&A Act and registered under the Trade Union Act. By 1911 the organisations' membership had doubled to nearly 14,000 workers. In March 1913 a dispute began between Wellington shipwrights and the Union Stream Ship Company, the workers wanted the company to either pay them for travelling time or provide them with transport to new workshops at Evans Bay. In May the shipwrights cancelled their registration under the IC&A Act and joined the Federation affiliated Wellington Waterside Workers' Union (WWWU).

Industrial Action

On October 6th Allison's Taupiri Coal Company sacked sixteen miners at Huntly, three of whom had recently been elected to the arbitration unions executive. The company refused another ballot and the directors declared that the was nothing to discuss with the union. Three days later the workers voted almost unanimously to strike until the sixteen men, and other miners not re-employed after a strike the previous year, were reinstated. After receiving congratulations from the UFL the miners asked the federation to take control of the dispute. Meanwhile the Wellington shipwrights had added further grievances to their list, including demands for increased pay and holidays, they began a strike on October 18th. The warfies held a stop work meeting at 8am on the 20th and decided to refer the dispute to the UFL and returned to work, only to find that scabs had been hired in their place. In defiance of their president another meeting was held and 1,500 workers decided "That no work shall be accepted until such time as the victimised men are re-instated".The events in Wellington and Huntley received national attention over the next week and sizeable numbers of Wobblies in Auckland and Wellington called for action. On October 24 the wharfies invaded several ships and stopped work, that same day the ship owners offered to reinstate the 1912 agreement if work was resumed, was the union rejected the proposal. In Huntly no miners or truckers went to work. The company claimed the union was breaking their agreement, though union leader Harry Holland stated that the 'agreement' had been drafted by the company and 'agreed to' when there was no union. Recalling the events later striker Banjo Hunter recalled "the strike fever spread like a huge epidemic wave" [Erik Olssen "The Red Feds: Revolutionary Industrial Unionism and the New Zealand Federation of Labour 1908-14" p.180-181]

Interpretation

The conventional idea of the strike is that it was part of a global change in both the ideological beliefs and strategic methods of trade unionists world wide as the ideas of syndicalism spread. [Melanie Nolan "1913 in retrospect: a laboratory or a battleground of democracy?" p. 21 ] However most of the workers in the strike were 'ordinary people.' [Miles Fairburn, "Interpreting 1913: What are the Important Questions?", p.59"] it is often seen as an instance of class war; the workers of New Zealand fighting against the employers and their allies in the conservative Reform government that had came to power in 1912. Some historians have suggested that employers engineered the conflict, for example Michael King wrote that “In October of that year [1913] ... employers fearing a continuation of “revolutionary” union tactics, engineered a lockout on the Wellington wharves.” [Michael King, "The Penguin History of New Zealand", p.331. Cited in Fairburn, p.73] and Richard Hill in his history of the police wrote “the federationists were the victims of a government determined to destroy its class enemies... Leading employers decided to strike at the heart of the union movement before the united federation had a chance to consolidate... with the government assisting in various ways ... the government was more interested in crushing the watersiders than getting the wharves going.” [Richard Hill, "The Iron Hand in the Velvet Glove" p. 305. Cited in Fairburn, p.61]

Notes

References

* Melanie Nolan (ed.), "Revolution: The 1913 Great Strike in New Zealand" (Christchurch, Canterbury University Press, 2005)