Bentō

Nihongo|Bentō| or べんとう| is a single-portion takeout or home-packed meal common in Japanese cuisine. A traditional bento consists of rice, fish or meat, and one or more pickled or cooked vegetables as a side dish. Containers range from disposable mass produced to hand crafted lacquerware. Although bento are easily available in many places throughout Japan, including convenience stores, nihongo|bento shops|弁当屋|bentō-ya, train stations, and department stores, it is still common for Japanese homemakers to spend considerable time and energy producing an appealing boxed lunch.

Bento can be very elaborately arranged. Contests are often held where homemakers can compete for the most aesthetically pleasing arrangements. The food is often decorated to look like people, animals, or characters and items such as flowers and plants. This style of elaborate bento is called kyaraben.

History

The origin of bento can be traced back to the late Kamakura Period (1185 to 1333), when cooked and dried rice called "hoshi-ii" ( _ja. 糒 or _ja. 干し飯, literally "dried meal") was developed. Hoshi-ii can be eaten as is, or can be boiled with water to make cooked rice, and is stored in a small bag. In the Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1568 to 1600), wooden lacquered boxes like today's were produced and bento would be eaten during a hanami or a tea party.

In the peaceful and prosperous time of the Edo Period (1603 to 1867), bento culture spread and became more refined. Travelers and sightseers would carry a simple "koshibentō" ( _ja. 腰弁当, "waist bento"), consisting of several onigiri wrapped with bamboo leaves or in a woven bamboo box. One of the most popular styles of bento, called "makuno-uchi bentō" ("between-act bento"), was first made during this period. People who came to see Noh and Kabuki ate specially prepared bento between "maku" (acts). Numerous cookbooks were published detailing how to cook, how to pack, and what to prepare for occasions like Hanami and Hinamatsuri.

In the Meiji Period (1868 to 1912), the first "ekibentō" or "ekiben" ( _ja. 駅弁当 or _ja. 駅弁, "train station bento") was sold. There are several records that claim where ekiben was first sold, but it is believed that it was sold on 16 July, 1885, at the Utsunomiya train station, and contained two onigiri and a serving of takuan wrapped in bamboo leaves. As early schools did not provide lunch, students and teachers carried bento, as did many employees. A "European" style bento with sandwiches also went on sale during this period.

In the Taishō period (1912 to 1926), the aluminum bento box became a luxury item because of its ease of cleaning and its silver-like appearance. Also, a move to abolish the practice of bento in school became a social issue. Disparities in wealth spread during this period, following an export boom during World War I and subsequent crop failures in the Tohoku region. A bento too often reflected a student's wealth, and many wondered if this had an unfavorable influence on children both physically, from lack of adequate diet, and psychologically, from a clumsily made bento or the richness of food. After World War II, the practice of bringing bento to school gradually declined and was replaced by uniform food provided for all students and teachers.

Bento regained its popularity in the 1980s, with the help of the microwave oven and the proliferation of convenience stores. In addition, the expensive wood and metal boxes have been replaced at most bento shops with inexpensive, disposable polystyrene boxes. However, even handmade bento have made a comeback, and they are once again a common, although not universal, sight at Japanese schools. The Bento is still used by workers as a packed lunch, by families on day trips, for school picnics and sports days etc. The Bento, made at home, is wrapped in a furoshiki cloth, which acts as both bag and table mat.

Bento is also popular in Taiwan. "Bendong" (POJ: piān-tong) or "Biendang" (便當, "convenience pack") made its way to Taiwan in the first half of the 20th century from Japan, where it remains very popular to the present day. The term is a loan word from the Japanese word in Taiwanese and Taiwanese Mandarin.

In 2003, airports started offering an analogous version of the "ekiben": bento filled with local cuisine, to be eaten while waiting for an airplane or during the flight.

Types of bento

* "Shōkadō bentō" ( _ja. 松花堂弁当) is a traditional black-lacquered Japanese bento box. It inspired IBM's (later sold to Lenovo) ThinkPad design. [cite news | url=http://www.edn.com/article/CA66399.html?partner=eb&pubdate=1%2F1%2F1999 | title=Big Blue's big adventure | first=Peter | last=Golden | publisher=Electronic Business | date=January 1 1999 | accessdate=2007-03-24]
* "Chūka bentō" ( _ja. 中華弁当) are filled with Chinese food. While Chinese do have cold plates, it is more for appetizers or midnight "snack". The food that is associated with chuka bento was invented in Japan.
* "Kamameshi bentō" ( _ja. 釜飯弁当) are sold at train stations in the Nagano prefecture. A bento is packed in a clay pot and cooked. This clay pot is a souvenir item.
* "Makunouchi bentō" ( _ja. 幕の内弁当) is a classic style of bento with rice, a pickled "ume" fruit ("umeboshi"), a slice of broiled salmon, a rolled egg, etc.
* "Noriben" ( _ja. 海苔弁) is the simplest bento, with nori dipped in soy sauce covering cooked rice.
* "Sake bentō" ( _ja. 鮭弁当) is a simple bento with a slice of broiled salmon ( _ja. 鮭, "sake") as the main dish.
* "Shidashi bentō" ( _ja. 仕出し弁当) is made in a restaurant and delivered during lunch. This bento is often eaten at a gathering like a funeral or a party. It is usually packed with traditional Japanese foods like tempura, rice and pickled vegetables. A shidashi bento packed with European-style food is also available.
* "Sushizume" ( _ja. 鮨詰め) literally means "packed sushi", and is a bento filled with sushi.
* "Tori bento" ( _ja. 鳥弁当) consists of pieces of chicken cooked in sauce served over rice. It is a popular bento in Gunma prefecture.
*"Hinomaru bento" ( _ja. 日の丸弁当) is the name for a bento consisting of plain white rice with an umeboshi in the centre. The name was taken from the "Hinomaru", the Japanese flag, which has a white background with a red circle in the centre. Pure "Hinomaru bento" only consists of rice and umeboshi to flavor rice without any other side dishes. The metal bento boxes, once popular in Japan, were often corroded by the acid of umeboshi, eventually making a hole in the middle of the lid.

Other

* "Hokaben" ( _ja. ホカ弁) is any kind of bento bought at take-out bento shops. Freshly cooked hot ("hokka hoka") rice is usually served with freshly prepared side dishes. The name was popularized after a pioneering take-out bento franchise in the field, Hokka Hokka Tei.
* "Hayaben" ( _ja. 早弁), literally "early bento", is eating a bento before lunch, and having another lunch afterward.
* "Dokaben" (ドカベン) is a baseball manga of which the title came from the protagonist, Taro Yamada's large bento box ("dokaben").
* "Ekiben" is a bento sold at railway stations ("eki"). There are many kinds of "ekiben". Most are inexpensive and filling.

ee also

* Japanese cuisine
* Tiffin
* Lunchbox

References

External links

* [http://flickr.com/photos/tags/bento/clusters/ Photos of bento] on Flickr