Fateh Sagar Lake

Infobox_lake
lake_name = Fateh Sagar Lake
image_lake = Fatehsagar nehrugarden.jpg
caption_lake = An evening view
image_bathymetry =
caption_bathymetry =
location = Udaipur, Rajasthan
coords = coord|24.58|N|73.616|E|region:IN_type:waterbody|display=inline,title
type = artificial lake, fresh water, polymictic
inflow =
outflow =
catchment = 54 km²
basin_countries = India
length =2.4 km
width = 1.6 km
area = 4 km²
depth = 5.4 m
max-depth = 13.4 m
volume = convert|2100000|m3|abbr=on
shore = 8.5 km
elevation = 578 m
islands = 3 (Nehru Park, Udaipur Observatory)
cities = Udaipur

Fateh Sagar Lake is situated in Udaipur city in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Said to be the pride of the City of Lakes of Udaipur, it is an artificial lake constructed by Maharana in north of Lake Pichola in 1678 and to the north-west of Udaipur.

It is one of the four lakes of the Udaipur city; the other three lakes are: the Lake Pichola (within the Udaipur town), Udai Sagar Lake (13 km to the east of Udaipur) and Dhebar Lake or Jaisamand Lake (52 km south east of Udaipur).http://udaipur.nic.in/lake.htm, Fateh Sagar Lake: Lakes] . [http://www.amazingudaipur.com/lakes%20of%20udaipur.html, Lakes Of Udaipur] .Within the confines of the Fateh Sagar Lake, there are three small islands.; the largest of these is the island called the Nehru Park (4 sq.km area), which is a popular garden with a restaurant and a zoo, the second island (0.06 sq. km area) houses a public park with an impressive water-jet fountain and the third island (1.2 sq.km area) is the address for the Udaipur Solar Observatory (USO). The Nehru park is accessed by inboard motor boats from the bottom of Moti Magri. Blue waters of the lake and the backdrop of green has given the soubriquet of ‘the second Kashmir’ to Udaipur town..

Udaipur Lake Conservation Society’s reports indicate that the lake supports and sustains ground water recharge, drinking water, agricultural use, industrial use, ecological water availability and provides employment to 60% population of Udaipurhttp://greeningindia.net/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=23, Jheel Sanrakshan Samiti (Udaipur Lake Conservation Society)] .

History

In the year 1687 A.D, Maharana Jai Singh first constructed the lake but two hundred years later the earthen bund which formed the lake was washed away during floods, and thereafter Maharana Fateh Singh, the ruler of former Mewar State, reconstructed it in the year 1888 A.D. The Duke of Connaught, third son of Queen Victoria laid the foundation stone for the new construction. The lake is now named after the king, as "Fateh Sagar Lake" [http://www.go2india.in/rajasthan/fateh-lake.php Fateh Sagar] .

Hydrology and structures

The runoff emerging from surrounding hills drains into this lake. The lake is pear-shaped and is encircled by the Aravalli hills on three sides with a straight gravity stone masonry dam on the eastern side which has a spillway to discharge flood flows during the monsoon seasonhttp://www.rajasthantravelsguide.com/rajasthan-tourism/udaipur-tourism/lakes-in-udaipur/fateh-sagar-lake.html, Fateh Sagar Lake] . Three causeways, one from Pichola Lake, the other from Madar Lake and the third one from Badi Lake lead to the Fateh Sagar Lake. There are three inlet channels, which feed the lake and an overflow section on the eastern side in the Masonry dam of 800 m length. Monsoon rains are the main source of all water to the lake. Initially constructed as an irrigation scheme, it is now the second major source of drinking water to the city of Udaipur and the irrigation supplies have been discontinued. A canal from the Rang Sagar Lake connects to the Fateh Sagar Lake. A gate controlled canal further connects Fateh Sagar Lake with Lake Pichhola http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi-46.html, Lakes] .The Northeastern embankment is known by three names viz., the Pal, the Drive, or Connaught Bund (bund means embankment).

During drought conditions, when the rainfall is meager, water storage in the lake is insufficient to meet the needs. To prevent loss of water due to evaporation, cetyl alcohol (hexadecanol) is sprayed over the lake surface.

Water quality issues

Some of the water quality parameters reported relate to:·pH value which varies from a maximum of 8.4 on the surface to a minimum of 7.8 at the bottom and with minimum value of 7.9 at 5 m depth·DO [mg/l] value varies from a maximum of 9.4 on the surface and minimum of 1.2 at the bottom, at 5 m depth the lowest value being 3.3. ·Maximum Nitrogen Concentration (NO3-N [mg/l] ) of 0.941 at 1 m below the surface and 0.523 at the bottom of the lake have been reported.·The lake water is reported to be Polymictic and there is lack of true thermocline. Gradient is recorded to be poor which results in frequent mixing, as experienced in many tropical lakes. ·The lake water temperature varies from a minimum of 19 degrees C. in January to 29.4 degrees C. in June at the surface and correspondingly 16.8 degrees C. and 28.5 degrees C.at the bottom of the lake.

Eutrophication has occurred in the lake due to algal bloom; the dominant species causing this are algae: Microcystis sp and submerged macrophytes. Urbanization around the lake has also degraded water quality, which is a risk to public health of the people who are dependent on the lake for their water supply requirements. Siltation has caused reduction of storage capacity. Increase in nutrient level is also taking place on account of leaching from agricultural activity in the marginal agricultural lands around the lake periphery. These are some of the reasons attributed for lake degradation .The Udaipur city, set around the lakes, with its numerous hotels catering to the large influx of tourists and a large number of residential complexes on the slopes of the lake, also add pollutants to the lake.

Flora

.

Within the lake water, the flora recorded consists of the following.

*Macrophytes that have merged in the lake, floating macrophytes, the submerged macrophytes and the Phytoplanktons.

The Biomass production due to Macrophytes is reported to be a maximum of 864.9 grams/sq m on the surface of the lake, with a minimum of 329 grams /sq.m at the bottom. The biomass recorded due to planktons is reported to be maximum during January – 67 mg/l at the surface and 23 grmas/l at the bottom of the lake. It is a low of 16 grams/l at the surface and 1 at the bottom during July, during the rainy season.

The lake’s surroundings have sparse vegetation cover. But, several species of plants are found along the roads and the hills in the lake basin.

Fauna

.The fauna recorded in the lake are the Zooplankton, Benthos and Fish. The economically important fishes reported are: "C. punctatus, C. reba, Catla catla, L. calbasu, Channa marulius, Cirrhina mrigala, L. gonius,, Labeo rohita, , Tor khudree, and Wallago attu." The annual fish catch was reported to be 1.8 tons in 1978 A.D.

Lake restoration works

The first effort to desilt the lake and improve its water quantity was undertaken by local citizen groups and environmental conservation organizations. The shallow part of the lake was desilted through voluntary labour in the early 1970s.Udaipur Lake Conservation Society, a Non Governmental Organization (NGO) set up in 1992, has independently carried out studies of the problems of the lakes of Udaipur and has been continuously pressurizing the government agencies to take up several restoration schemes on the lakes of Udaipur, including Fateh Sagar Lake, some of which are reported to have been acted upon by the Rajasthan Government. The restoration works pursued are Limnological Conservation Works (introducing new varities of fish species), Ecological Conservation Works (catchment area treatmnet), Hyacinth removal (through bio-control), lining of unlined canal from Moti Magri Hill to Fateh Sagar Lake, construction of sewage lines, institutional development in the form of creating Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for the lakes, etc. It has appealed in the Rajasthan High Court, through Public Interest Litigations, seeking court’s intervention on several issues concerning restoration of small lakes, land acquisition up to the High Flood Level (HFL) of the Lakes, Constitution of the Lake Development Authority (LDA) for Udaipur Lakes, etc. which are reported to have been upheld by the High Court

Government of India, under its National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP) of the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoE&F), has sanctioned in June 2008, projects for development of Fateh Sagar Lake in Udaipur at a cost of about US $ 10 million (Rs 42 crore) with central government sharing 70% of the costs and the balance 30% by the State government. This programme of NLCP envisages desilting of the lake area, installation of a sewage treatment plant, beautification of the adjacent area and installation of fountains, with a completion schedule of 18 months [http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/23/stories/2008062355030900.htm, Fateh Sagar Lake, Walled City to be beautified)] .

Access

A winding road with a peripheral protection stone wall on the lake side exists on the eastern shore of the lake.The entire circumference of the lake could be covered by road via Moti Magri Road, Fateh Sagar Drive, Rani Road and the winding road on the eastern side route to get a picturesque view of the lake, and the Aravalli Hills surrounding it. From Udaipur city, on the lake's North West, local buses, Tongas (horse driven two wheelers), auto-rickshaws and taxis could be hired to reach the lake.http://www.amazingudaipur.com/lakes%20of%20udaipur.html Lakes Of Udaipur] .

Festival

Every year a festival called the Hariyali Amavasya Mela (Green New Moon Fair) is organized at the lake precincts,in the month of Shravan(August/September) .

References

External links

* [http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/destinations/udaipur/udaipursiteseeing-fatehsagar.htm]
* [http://udaipur.nic.in/lake.htm]