- William Robert Cornish
William Robert Cornish (also W. R. Cornish) (1828–1896) was a British physician who served in India for more than thirty years, and became the Surgeon-General—head of medical services—in the
Madras Presidency .Harvnb|Obituary|1897|p=656] During theGreat Famine of 1876–78 , Cornish, then Sanitary Commissioner of Madras, argued for generous famine relief, which put him at odds with Sir Richard Temple, Famine Envoy for the Government of India, who was promoting "reduced rations". Some of Cornish's innovations made their way into the Indian Famine Codes of the late 19th century.Education
Cornish was born in
Butleigh , nearGlastonbury in 1828. After picking up some medical skills from local practitioners (inSomerset county), Cornish proceeded toSt. George's Hospital ,London in 1850 for his medical education. At St. George's, he won a scholarship inAnatomy andMateria medica and prizes inChemistry andBotany . At the end of his medical training, he took the competitive examination for service in theBritish East India Company and, in March 1854, joined as Assistant Surgeon in the Army of theMadras Presidency of British India.India
Two years into his appointment, Cornish contributed an article, "Indian
Febrifuge s" to the "Indian Annals of Medical Science" in which he described his experiments with the "Margosa " bark, used in native Indian medicine, in the treatment of intermittent fevers, and showed it to be as effective as "Cinchona " andArsenic , which were more popular with British physicians practising in India. He later advocated the growing of "Cinchona" in India, as the supply fromSouth America was becoming more unreliable. Not only did the plant take to Indian soil, but India soon became a major exporter ofquinine .Prison conditions
In 1857, Cornish was given medical charge of a large jail in
Coimbatore .Harvnb|Obituary|1897|p=657] There, his attention was drawn to the high mortality rate among the prisoners, very few of whom apparently survived beyond seven years. By investigating the problem, he was able to rule out the insanitary prison conditions as the main cause of increased mortality, and instead concluded that the poor prison diet was the main culprit. His conclusions were published in his report, "Prison dietaries and food," published by the Madras government. The physician, SirBenjamin Ward Richardson , who considered Cornish to be an authority on Indian foodgrains and their chemical composition, often referred to this report in his lectures in Great Britain on public health.Expertise in public health and hygiene
In 1858, Cornish returned to Madras City to assume the post of Secretary of the Medical Department of the presidency. Soon afterwards, he was entrusted with investigating and writing a report on the high rates of mortality among British soldiers serving in the presidency army. The first of his reports, "Causes of death in Madras," was submitted in 1859 to the Army Sanitary Commission in London and established his reputation as a public hygiene expert ("sanitary expert" in contemporaneous usage). The report was translated into Indian languages and widely distributed.
Another influential report, "Cleansing of Indian Towns," was published in 1864.Harvnb|Obituary|1897|p=658] In it, he argued that European methods of wet drainage (using sewers and drains), were not optimal for tropical climates, where, waste decomposed faster and where in the summer months there was water shortage; in their stead, he advocated "dry conservancy," which was ultimately adopted in hospitals, army barracks, and railway stations in many parts of India.
anitary Commissioner
In 1870, Cornish was appointed Sanitary Commissioner of the
Madras Presidency .Harvnb|Obituary|1897|p=659] In his new position, he traveled throughout the presidency promoting dry conservancy, clean drinking water, and vaccination againstsmall-pox . His efforts bore fruit when mortality from bothcholera and small-pox was drastically reduced in the presidency.During the
Great Famine of 1876–78 , which hit the Madras Presidency especially hard, Cornish became embroiled in a public debate with Sir Richard Temple, then Famine Commissioner of India, about what constituted an adequate diet for people on relief, many of whom toiled in the "relief works," laying roads and breaking rocks or metal. Harvnb|Obituary|1897|p=660, Harvnb|Arnold|1994|pp=7-8, Harvnb|Hall-Matthews|1996|p=219] Relying on his experience from investigating prison conditions two decades earlier, Cornish advocated more generous rations than Temple, whose reduced rations were being handed out in the early months of 1877. In March 1877, however, the government of theMadras Presidency , tacitly accepting Cornish's general argument, increased the relief rations, although not as much as Cornish himself had advocated.Cornish was recognized for his services during the famine by being made a
Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire .Harvnb|Obituary|1897|p=660] Many of his recommendation would find their way into the Provisional Famine Code of 1883 and other Indian Famine Codes thereafter.urgeon-General and retirement
In 1880, Cornish was promoted to Surgeon-General—the head of medical services in the
Madras Presidency . Soon, he was also appointed Honorary Physician toQueen Victoria and nominated to theLegislative Council of the Madras presidency. He also compiled and edited the 1881 Census for the Madras Presidency. His last major effort in India was in the framing of the "Act for Local Self-Government in the Madras Presidency".Cornish retired from the
Indian Medical Service in 1885 and returned toLondon . In retirement he played a prominent role in theBritish Medical Association and the planning of the "Institute of State Medicine" later to become theLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine . Harvnb|Obituary|1897|p=661 ] ("State Medicine" being a Late-Victorian term encompassing not only "public health," but also government health policy, immunization programs, welfare programs, and payment schemes for physicians, a precursor, according to some, of "socialized medicine.")
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