Germany and weapons of mass destruction

Though Germany is one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world, since World War II it has generally refrained from using this technology to outfit its own armed forces with weapons of mass destruction (WMD), although it participates in the NATO nuclear weapons sharing arrangements and trains for delivering nuclear weapons.

Germany is among the powers which possess the ability to create nuclear weapons but has agreed not to do so (under the terms of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as reaffirmed by the Two Plus Four Treaty). Along with most other industrial nations, Germany produces components that can be used for creating deadly agents, chemical weapons, and other WMD. Alongside other companies from the United Kingdom, The Netherlands, India, The United States, Belgium, Spain, and Brazil, German companies provided Iraq with precursors of chemical agents used by Iraq to engage in chemical warfare during the Iran–Iraq War [ [http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/iraq/cw/az120103.html Al Isa, I. K. (1-12-2003) Fresh information on the Iraqi chemical program; Iraqi money and German brains cooperated in building chemical weapons. Al Zaman, London.] Federation of atomic scientists. Referenced 21-11-2006.] .

History

World War I

As one of the major combatants in World War I, Germany used and developed what we would today describe as weapons of mass destruction. During World War I, Germany developed and used chemical weapons, for instance mustard gas. These weapons were subsequently employed by the Allies.

World War II

During World War II, Germany worked to develop atomic weapons, though Allied scientists ultimately beat the Germans to this goal - the international team included many displaced émigré scientists from Germany itself; see German nuclear energy project. German scientists also did research on other chemical weapons during the war, including human experimentation with mustard gas. The first nerve gas, tabun, was invented by the German researcher Gerhard Schrader in 1937. During the war, Germany stockpiled tabun, sarin, and soman but refrained from their use on the battlefield.
Zyklon B was used by Nazi Germany as a chemical weapon to poison prisoners in the gas chambers of the largest extermination camp, Auschwitz Birkenau, and also at Majdanek, one of the Operation Reinhard camps. At the other extermination camps, engine exhaust was used in the gas chambers. Many of the victims were Jews and the Zyklon B gas became a central symbol of the Holocaust.

Cold War and beyond

During the Cold War, nuclear weapons were deployed in Germany by both the United States (in West Germany) and the Soviet Union (in East Germany). Despite not being among the nuclear powers during the Cold War, Germany had a political and military interest in the balance of nuclear capability. In 1977, after the Soviet deployment of the new SS-20 IRBM, West German chancellor Helmut Schmidt expressed concern over the capability of NATO's nuclear forces compared to those of the Soviets. Later in the Cold War under the chancellorship of Helmut Kohl, the West German government expressed concern about the progress of the nuclear arms race. Particularly, they addressed the eagerness of Germany's NATO allies, the United States and United Kingdom, to seek restrictions on long-range strategic weapons while modernizing their short-range and tactical nuclear systems. Germany wanted to see such short range systems eliminated, because their major use was not deterrence but battlefield employment. Germany itself, straddling the division of the Eastern and Western blocs in Europe, was a likely battlefield in any escalation of the Cold War and battlefield use of nuclear weapons would be devastating to German territory.

In 1957 the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) was created to promote the use of nuclear energy in Europe. Under cover of the peaceful use of nuclear power, West Germany hoped to develop the basis of a nuclear weapons programme with France and Italy. ["Die Erinnerungen", Franz Josef Strauss - Berlin 1989, p. 314] The West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer told his cabinet that he "wanted to achieve, through EURATOM, as quickly as possible, the chance of producing our own nuclear weapons". [" [http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/beyondbomb/4-2.html Germany, the NPT, and the European Option] " (WISE/NIRS Nuclear Monitor)] The idea was short-lived. In 1958 Charles De Gaulle became President of France and Germany and Italy were excluded from the weapons project. Euratom continued as the European agency for the peaceful use of nuclear technology, becoming part of the structure of the European Economic Community in 1967.

Germany ratified the Geneva Protocol on 25 April 1929, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty on 2 May 1975, the Biological Weapons Convention on 7 April 1983 and the Chemical Weapons Convention on 12 August 1994. These dates signify ratification by the Federal Republic of Germany, during the division of Germany the NPT and the BWC were ratified separately by the German Democratic Republic (on 31 October 1969 and 28 November 1972, respectively).

The United States provides about 60 tactical B61 nuclear bombs for use by Germany under a NATO nuclear weapons sharing agreement. The weapons are stored at Büchel and Ramstein Air Bases, and in time of war would be delivered by Luftwaffe Panavia Tornado warplanes. Many countries believe this violates Articles I and II of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), where Germany has committed::"... not to receive the transfer from any transferor whatsoever of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or of control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly ... or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices ...".

The U.S. insists its forces control the weapons and that no transfer of the nuclear bombs or control over them is intended "unless and until a decision were made to go to war, at which the [NPT] treaty would no longer be controlling", so there is no breach of the NPT. However German pilots and other staff practice handling and delivering the U.S. nuclear bombs [ [http://www.ieer.org/sdafiles/vol_9/9-3/nato.html Nassauer, O. (2001) Nuclear sharing: is it legal?] ] Even if the NATO argument is considered legally correct, such peacetime operations could arguably contravene both the objective and the spirit of the NPT.

Like other countries of its size and wealth, Germany has the skills and resources to create its own nuclear weapons quite quickly if desired. The Zippe-type centrifuge was, indeed, invented by captured Germans working in the Soviet Union in the 1950s, and URENCO operates a centrifuge uranium enrichment plant in Germany. There are also several power reactors in Germany that could be used to produce bomb-grade plutonium if desired. Such a development is, of course, highly unlikely in the present benign security environment. A former defence-minister (Rupert Scholz) said, that Germany should try to be a nuclear power. [Tagesspiegel: [http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/div/;art771,2230467 Ex-Minister: Atomwaffen für Deutschland] January 27th, 2007 de_icon] In September 2007 the French president Sarkozy asked Germany, if doesn't want to take part in the French nuclear programme and be so also a nuclear power. [REUTERS: [http://de.today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=domesticNews&storyID=2007-09-15T145156Z_01_NEI553510_RTRDEOC_0_DEUTSCHLAND-FRANKREICH-ATOMWAFFEN.xml "Spiegel" - Sarkozy bot Deutschland Beteiligung an Atomwaffen an] 15.th September 2007 de_icon]

German participation to aid Iraqi production of weapons of mass destruction

Two thousand Iranians who suffered from chemical warfare during the Iran–Iraq War (1980-1988) submitted an indictment some years ago with a Tehran court against nine companies that had provided Saddam Hussein, then president of Iraq, with precursors of the chemical agents used in the Iran–Iraq War. Several American and European companies provided aid to Iraq during its war with Iran. The United Nations published a 12,000-page report about the conflict, naming also companies involved. After his fall, the former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein was brought to trial by an Iraqi tribunal; Iranian chemical victims were not allowed to be present in the closed-door trial, and the issue of Iranian victims was not part of the agenda in the tribunal.

References

* [http://www.netiran.com/?fn=artd(1585)]
* [http://www.homelandsecurityus.net/nuclear.htm]
* [http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/euro/euro.pdf]

External links

* [http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/beyondbomb/4-2.html Germany, The NPT, and the European Option] , Matthias Küntzel, WISE
* [http://www.espionageinfo.com/Mo-Ne/Nerve-Gas.html Nerve gases: history] at Espionageinfo.com