Alfred P. Sloan

Alfred Pritchard Sloan, Jr. (May 23, 1875 – February 17, 1966) was a long-time president and chairman of General Motors.

Biography

Sloan was born in New Haven, Connecticut. He studied electrical engineering and graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1892. While attending MIT he joined the Delta Upsilon fraternity.

He became president of Hyatt Roller Bearing, a company that made roller and ball bearings, in 1899. For a brief period of time at the beginning of the 20th century, Ford Motor Company sourced bearings from Hyatt. In 1916 his company merged with United Motors Corporation which eventually became part of General Motors Corporation. He became Vice-President, then President (1923), and finally Chairman of the Board (1937) of GM. In 1934, he established the philanthropic, nonprofit Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. GM under Sloan became famous for managing diverse operations with financial statistics such as return on investment; these measures were introduced to GM by Donaldson Brown, a protege of GM vice-president John J. Raskob who was in turn the protege of Pierre du Pont — the DuPont corporation owned 43% of GM.

Sloan is credited with establishing annual styling changes, from which came the concept of planned obsolescence. He also established a pricing structure in which (from lowest to highest priced) Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick and Cadillac did not compete with each other, and buyers could be kept in the GM "family" as their buying power and preferences changed as they aged. These concepts, along with Ford's resistance to the change in the 1920s, propelled GM to industry sales leadership by the early 1930s, a position it retained for over 70 years. Under Sloan's direction, GM became the largest and most successful and profitable industrial enterprise the world had ever known.

During Alfred P. Sloan's leadership of GM, many public transport systems of trams in the US were replaced by buses. There are some who believe that this conversion was orchestrated by General Motors, Firestone Tire Corp., Standard Oil of California, and the Mack Truck Co. to increase automobile sales; see General Motors streetcar conspiracy for details.

In the 1930s GM, long hostile to unionization, confronted its workforce, newly organized and ready for labor rights, in an extended contest for control. Sloan was averse to violence of the sort associated with Henry Ford. He preferred the subtle use of spying and had built up the best undercover apparatus the business community had ever seen up to that time.Fact|date=March 2008 When the workers organized a massive sitdown strike in 1936, Sloan found that espionage had little value in the face of such open tactics.

The world's first university-based executive education program G. Osuna University — the Sloan Fellows — was created in 1931 at MIT under the sponsorship of Sloan. A Sloan Foundation grant established the MIT School of Industrial Management in 1952 with the charge of educating the "ideal manager", and the school was renamed in Sloan's honor as the Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, one of the world's premier business schools. A second grant established a Sloan Fellows Program at Stanford Graduate School of Business in 1957. The program became the Stanford Sloan Master's Program in 1976, awarding the degree of Master of Science in Management. Sloan's name is also remembered in the Sloan-Kettering Institute and Cancer Center in New York. In 1951, Sloan received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York."

Sloan maintained an office in 30 Rockefeller Plaza in Rockefeller Center, now known as the GE Building. [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/print.php?pid=13095] He retired as GM chairman on April 2, 1956 and died in 1966.cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Alfred P. Sloan Jr. Dead at 90; G.M. Leader and Philanthropist; Alfred P. Sloan Jr., Leader of General Motors, Is Dead at 90 |url= |quote=Alfred P. Sloan Jr., who shaped the General Motors Corporation into one of the world's largest manufacturing enterprises, died of a heart attack yesterday afternoon at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Center here. He was 90 years old. |publisher=New York Times |date=February 18, 1966 |accessdate=2007-07-21 ]

Criticism

In 2005, Sloan's work at GM has come under criticism for creating a complicated accounting system that has been placed upon American manufacturers that prevents the implementation of lean manufacturing methods thus leading to companies which cannot compete effectively with non-Sloan companies such as Toyota. In a nutshell, the criticism is that by using Sloan's methods a company will value inventory just the same as cash and thus there is no penalty for building up inventory. However, carrying excessive inventory is detrimental to a company's operation and induces significant hidden costs. (Waddell & Bodek 2005)

Another factor is that Sloan considered people on the shop floor to be expendable as a variable cost item to manufacturing. This view is the opposite of how Toyota views employees. Toyota looks to shop floor employees as their main source of cost savings and productivity improvements. (Waddell & Bodek 2005)

Some critics claim that Sloan was also instrumental in the demise of public city transport throughout the United States; see General Motors streetcar conspiracy for details.

GM was found guilty of violating anti-trust laws and fined $5,000 and each executive was ordered to pay a fine of $1

Philanthropy

The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation is a philanthropic non-profit organization in the United States. It was established in 1934 by Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., then-President and Chief Executive Officer of General Motors. The Foundation's programs and interests fall into the areas of science and technology, standard of living, economic performance, and education and careers in science and technology. The total assets of the Sloan Foundation have a market value of about $1.8 billion.

The Sloan Foundation bankrolled the 1956 Warner Bros. cartoon "Yankee Dood It", which promotes mass production.

Quotes

* "The business of business is business."
* "A car for every purse and purpose." (Sloan 1963, p. 438)
* "I am sure we all realize that this struggle that is going on though the World is really nothing more or less than a conflict between two opposing technocracies manifesting itself to the capitalization of economic resources and products and all that sort of thing." - May 1941
* "It seems clear that the Allies are outclassed on mechanical equipment, and it is foolish to talk about modernizing their Armies in times like these, they ought to have thought of that five years ago. There is no excuse for them not thinking of that except for the unintelligent, in fact, stupid, narrow-minded and selfish leadership which the democracies of the world are cursed with… But when some other system develops stronger leadership, works hard and long, and intelligently and aggressively - which are good traits - and, superimposed upon that, develops the instinct of a racketeer, there is nothing for the democracies to do but fold up. And that is about what it looks as if they are going to do." - June 1940

See also

*The Alfred P. Sloan Prize. Given to films dealing with science and technology by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation each year at the Sundance Film Festival
*Sloan was a leading member of The Crusaders, an organization that promoted the repeal of National Prohibition of alcohol in the US.

Further reading

* cite book
last = McDonald
first = John
title = A Ghost’s Memoir: The Making of Alfred P. Sloan’s 'My Years with General Motors'
publisher = MIT Press
year = 2003
isbn = 0262632853
url = http://eh.net/bookreviews/library/0524.shtml
coauthors = Alfred D. Chandler
* cite journal
first = Christopher D.
last = McKenna
title = Writing the ghost-writer back in: Alfred Sloan, Alfred Chandler, John McDonald and the intellectual origins of corporate strategy
journal = Management and Organizational History
year = 2006
volume = 1
issue = 2
pages = pp. 107–126
* cite book
last = Pelfrey
first = William
title =Billy, Alfred and General Motors
publisher = Amacom Publishing
year = 2006
* cite book
last= Waddell
first= William H.
coauthors= Bodek, Norman
title= Rebirth of American Industry - A Study of Lean Management
origyear= 2005
isbn = 0-9712436-3-8
* cite journal
last = Dobbs
first = Michael
title = Ford and GM Scrutinized for Alleged Nazi Collaboration
journal = Washington Post
date = 1998-11-30
url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/nov98/nazicars30.htm
* cite journal
last = Black
first = Edwin
title = Hitler's carmaker
journal = Jerusalem Post
date = 2006-12-06
url = http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1164881835577&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FPrinter
* cite book
last = Sloan
first = Alfred P
title = My Years at General Motors
location = New York
publisher = Doubleday
year = 1964

References

External links

* [http://www.sloan.org Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, whose total assets had a market value of over $1.5 billion in 2005]
* [http://www.interactivist.net/transportation/ride.html Review of Klein and Olson's film "Taken for a Ride"]
* [http://rapidtransit.com/net/thirdrail/9905/agt4.htm Contribution of Alfred P. Sloan to changes in rapid transit systems]
* [http://www.corpwatch.org/campaigns/PCD.jsp?articleid=4368 Extract from Bradford C. Snell, American Ground Transport: A Proposal for Restructuring the Automobile, Truck, Bus and Rail Industries. Report presented to the Committee of the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly, United States Senate, February 26, 1974, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 1974, pp. 16-24.]
* [http://globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=20070505&articleId=5571 Hitler's Carmaker: The inside story of how General Motors helped mobilize the Third Reich]
* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=334&invol=573 Find Law]
* [http://www.culturechange.org/issue10/taken-for-a-ride.htm Taken for a Ride]