James Fitzjames Stephen

Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, 1st Baronet (3 March 1829 - 11 March 1894) was an English lawyer ,judge and anti-libertarian writer, created 1st Baronet Stephen by Queen Victoria.

Early life

Born in Kensington, London, he was the grandson of James Stephen, the brother of Sir Leslie Stephen, and the uncle of author Virginia Woolf. He was educated at Eton College, and for two years at King's College London. In October 1847 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge. Although an outstanding student he did not win any prizes, mainly because he was uninterested in mathematics or classics which formed the basis of the course. He was already acquainted with Sir Henry Maine, six years his senior, and then newly appointed to the Chair of civil law at Cambridge. Although their temperaments were very different, their acquaintance became a strong friendship, which ended only with Maine's death in 1888.

Stephen was introduced by Maine into the Cambridge society known as Cambridge Apostles. It contained a remarkable group of men who afterwards became eminent in different ways: for example, James Clerk Maxwell and Sir William Harcourt. Stephen formed friendships with some of its members.

Law career

After leaving Cambridge, Fitzjames Stephen decided to go in into Law. He was called to the bar in 1854. His own estimation of his professional success, written down in later years, was that in spite of such training as he could get, rather than because of it, he became a moderately successful advocate and a rather distinguished judge.

His legal career was a notable one. He was a member of the Viceregal Council and later Professor of Common Law at the Inns of Court. He was largely occupied with official work on codification, but none of the results were ever used. He was, however, responsible for the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. In 1879 he became a judge of the High Court.

After his return from India and before he became a judge he had a successful practice, but still not a large one. In his earlier years at the bar he supplemented his income with journalism. He became a contributor to the "Saturday Review" when it was founded in 1855. He was in company with Maine, Harcourt, GS Venables, Charles Bowen, EA Freeman, Goldwin Smith and others. Both the first and the last books published by Stephen were selections from his papers in the "Saturday Review" ("Essays by a Barrister", 1862, anonymous; "Horae sabbaticae", 1892). These volumes embodied the results of his studies among publicists and theologians, chiefly English, from the 17th century onwards. They never professed to be more than the occasional products of an amateur's leisure, but were well received.

For three years (1858–1861) Stephen served as secretary to a Royal Commission on popular education, of which the conclusions were promptly put into effect. In 1859 he was appointed Recorder of Newark. In 1863 he published his "General View of the Criminal Law of England". (The second edition of 1890 was practically a new book). This was the first attempt that had been made since William Blackstone to explain the principles of English law and justice in a literary form, and it had considerable success. The foundation of the "Pall Mall Gazette" in 1865 gave Stephen a new opening. He continued to contribute until he became a judge. So far he was a literary lawyer, also possibly with chances (diminished by his vehement dislike for party politics) of regular professional advancement, possibly not free from the temptation to turn wholly to literature. The decisive point of his career was in the summer of 1869, when he accepted the post of legal member of the Colonial Council in India. His friend Maine was his immediate predecessor in this office. Guided by Maine's comprehensive talents, the government of India had entered a period of systematic legislation which was to last about twenty years. Stephen had the task of continuing this work by conducting the Bills through the Legislative Council. The Native Marriages Act of 1872 was the result of deep consideration on both Maine's and Stephen's part. The Contract Act had been framed in England by a learned commission (whatever that means, considering that it did not consider the materialities of the Indian context, and clearly with an objective of advancing colonial interests, and not much regarding the information which it had), and the draft was materially altered in Stephen's hands before, also in 1872, it became law.

Evidence Act

The Evidence Act of the same year was entirely Stephen's own. It consolidated the rules of judicial proof, and endeavoured to connect them by legislative authority with a logical theory of probability set forth in the act itself. This part of the act has been criticized, but it is characteristic of Stephen's anxiety never to shirk a difficulty. To some extent the Contract Act may be charged with similar over-ambition; but its more practical defects are evidently due to the acceptance by the original framers of unsatisfactory statements which, coming to India with a show of authority, naturally escaped minute criticism amid the varied business of the legislative department. Besides the special work of legislation, Stephen had to attend to the current administrative business of his department, often heavy enough to occupy the whole of an ordinary able man's attention, and he took his full share in the general deliberations of the viceroy's council. His last official act was the publication of a minute on the administration of justice which pointed the way to reforms not yet fully realized, and is still most valuable for every one who wishes to understand the judicial system of British India. Stephen, mainly for family reasons, came home in the spring of 1872. During the voyage he made a pastime of meditating and writing a series of articles which took the form of his book entitled "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" (1873–1874)--a protest against John Stuart Mill's neoutilitarianism. Most famously he attacked the thesis of J S Mill's essay On Liberty and argued for legal compulsion, coercion and restraint in the interests of morality and religion.

Application of Indian laws

Indian experience had supplied Stephen with the motive for his next line of activity, which future historians of the common law may well regard as his most eminent title to remembrance. The government of India had been driven by the conditions of the Indian judicial system to recast a considerable part of the English law which had been informally imported. Criminal law procedure, and a good deal of commercial law, had been or were being put in a shape intelligible to civilian magistrates, and fairly within the comprehension of any intelligent man who would give a moderate amount of pains to mastering the text of the new codes. The rational substance of the law had been preserved, while the disorder and the excessive technicalities were removed. Why should not the same procedure be as practicable and profitable in England? It was Jeremy Bentham's ideal of codification, to be put in practice with the knowledge of actual business and legal habits, and the lack of which had made Bentham's plans unworkable. For the next half-dozen years Fitzjames Stephen was an ardent missionary in this cause. The mission failed for the time as to the specific undertakings in which Stephen made his experiments, but it had a large indirect success which has not yet been adequately recognized. Stephen published, by way of private exposition, digests in code form of the law of evidence and the criminal law.

Judicial career

There were transient hopes of an Evidence Act being brought before Parliament, and in 1878 the Digest of Criminal Law became a Ministerial Bill. This was referred to a very strong judicial commission, with the addition of Stephen himself: the revised Bill was introduced in 1879 and 1880. It dealt with procedure as well as substantive law, and provided for a court of criminal appeal (after several years of judicial experience Stephen changed his mind as to the wisdom of this). However, no substantial progress was made. In 1883 the part relating to procedure was brought in separately, and went to the grand committee on law, who found there was not time to deal with it satisfactorily in the course of the session. Criminal appeal has since (1907) been dealt with; otherwise nothing has been done with either part of the draft code since. The historical materials which Stephen had long been collecting took permanent shape the same year (1883) as the "History of the Criminal Law of England", which, though not free from inequalities and traces of haste, must long remain the standard work on the subject. A projected Digest of the Law of Contract (which would have been much fuller than the Indian Code) fell through for want of time. Thus none of Stephen's own plans of English codification took effect. Nevertheless they bore fruit indirectly.

Personal life

He married Mary Richenda Cunningham on September 19, 1855. His eldest son Herbert succeeded him in the baronetcy. His second son, James Kenneth Stephen, was a promising poet who died within his father's lifetime. His third son, Harry Lushington Stephen, was appointed to the High Court of Calcutta in 1901,Fact|date=July 2007 and became the 3rd baronet on the death of his eldest brother.

Death and Legacy

Stephen's final years were undermined first by physical and then steady mental decline. Despite largely unfounded accusations of unfairness and bias regarding the murder trials of Israel Lipski in 1887 and Florence Maybrick in 1889, Stephen continued performing his judicial duties. However, by early 1891 his declining capacity to exercise judicial functions had become a matter public discussion and press comment, and following medical advice Stephen resigned in April of that year. [K. J. M. Smith, ‘Stephen, Sir James Fitzjames, first baronet (1829–1894)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004] Even during his final days on the bench, Stephen is reported to have been 'brief, terse and to the point, and as lucid as in the old days'. Having lost his intellectual power, however, 'as the hours wore on his voice dropped almost to a whisper' [Law Times (21 March 1891), pg 370]

Stephen died of chronic renal failure on 11 March 1894 at Red House Park, a nursing home near Ipswich, and was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery. His wife survived him.

He is the subject of the book "James Fitzjames Stephen: portrait of a Victorian rationalist" by Keith John Michael Smith.

An eleven-volume set of his collected writings is currently being prepared for Oxford University Press by the Editorial Institute at Boston University.

Works

*"General View of the Criminal Law of England" (1863)
* [http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=572 "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"] (1873–1874)
*"History of the Criminal Law of England" (1883)
* [http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=cdl;idno=cdl417 The story of Nuncomar and the impeachment of Sir Elijah Impey] Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection. {Reprinted by} [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1429741287/?tag=corneunivelib-20 Cornell University Library Digital Collections]

References

*1911